Articles

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Open Access
PUBLIC RELATIONS TECHNIQUES: TOOLS FOR INFLUENCING PUBLIC OPINION* AND BEHAVIOUR
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2003-06-05) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Using the crisis and controversy that attended the divestiture of federal government's 35% equity ownership in the Benue Cement Company, this paper identifies the Public Relations (PR) techniques employed, discusses the media propaganda involved and then examines, from the perspectives of literature and human psychology, some of the complex variables at play in man's interaction with his environment. On the whole, it highlights and draws attention to the importance of adopting PR principles in daily interactional relationships, private or public.
Open Access
MIND MANAGERS AT WORK: HOW MOTIVATIONAL RESEARCHERS ADVERTISE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2007-03-03) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
After the 1750 Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America, the increased output of factories led to a heightened competitiveness. The newly invented machines led to a mass production that required a mass consumption and a mass market. Through the years, advertising has evolved as an indispensable means of reaching mass audiences through the media of mass communication. In this connection, mental-depth advertisers have been mining the seven propaganda techniques identified in 1937 by the US-based Institute for Propaganda Analysis. They have been manipulating and engineering the consent of adults and children. In this endeavour, the depth persuaders employ the insights of psychiatry and the social sciences to influence people's choices and behaviours. This paper explores the devices, exemplifies them and discusses them. It concludes that advertising, as a mediator between the producer and the consumer, is paradoxically desirable and detestable.
Open Access
The Masking Effects of Euphemisms and their Dysfunctional Potential in News Writing
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2007-06-08) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
According to Harold Pinter, quoted in Crystal (2002), one way of looking at speech/writing is to say it is a constant stratagem to cover nakedness. Accordingly, the declared meaning of a spoken/written sentence is only its overcoat, and the real meaning lies underneath its scarves and buttons. Euphemisms throw a veil over ideas about people, adding a softness and refinement on them. Therefore, they distort and disfigure meaning. They obstruct and obscure understanding. Andfor the journalist, this goes contrary to the golden rule of news writing: be clear and precise for you are trying to reach a diverse public that possesses different interests and varied educational abilities. A figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant thing is described or referred to by a milder term, Euphemism substitutes a word or phrase, considered hurtful, for an inoffensive one. Many of such words or phrases are concerned with death, sex or excreta, e.g. departed substitutes for dead: sleep with takes the place of have sexual intercourse with, and relieve oneself replaces urinate. As the following discussion reveals however, cryptic or hard to understand expressions have no place in Journalism, a discipline that seeks to explain the society in a clear and concise language to help people get along very well with their lives in an increasingly complex society. Furthermore, the paper shows that inoffensiveness is no virtue in Journalism.
Open Access
IN SEARCH OF MORE READERS AND HIGHER PROFITS: THE TREND TOWARDS TABLOID JOURNALISM
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2007-09-05) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
The growing complexity of life (falling real income, daily struggle for existence etc) makes life more hectic. This situation leaves insufficient time for newspaper reading andfull digestion ofcommentaries andfeatures offered by newspapers. Even those who care to concentrate rarely have enough time to cope with the news deluge. Additionally, the influence of the cinema and allied entertainment continues to draw people away from books, newspapers and magazines that require time and effort to read. These reasons combine to make newspaper readership superficial or even indifferent. Newspapers, operating in an intensely competitive environment, know they exist on the goodwill of readers. Therefore, Tabloids, by connecting with the people, humanising their news and serving their stories entertainingly, are winning. And their big rival, the Broadsheets or Qualities, are copying. This paper examines how.
Open Access
Traditional Communication Systems Approach: The Paradigm for Development Communication in Africa
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2008-01-07) Akaase, Ter Moses; Yakubu, Bola Olajide
Communication is the most indispensable phenomenon in the existence of man. African societies evolved their peculiar traditional communication systems since creation. These communication channels still represent their socio-cultural contexts and are well respected and adored. This paper examines the difficulties associated with governments in Africa and other change agents at locating a suitable paradigm in communicating development ideas to target communities in the continent and the third world. This , paper recognizes that emphasis on information to target social groups on development programmes in the past has failed to motivate communities* participation, which explains why these plans always fail. It recommends that development communication must recognize, accept and adopt traditional communication systems in Africa for change agents to achieve development goals. It has to be through diffusion of innovation. .
Open Access
CULTURE, GLOBALISATION AND NATIONAL IDENTITY:
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2008-12-11) Mohammed, Onakpa; Akaase, Ter Moses
Over the years cultural studies have been of much concern to several scholars, especially in the fields of sociology and anthropology. The term culture encompasses a lot of variables. Before delving into the details of what constitutes culture, it is pertinent to state that this paper sets out to critically examine the challenges posed by the phenomenon called globalisation in relation to the Nigerian culture and the desire for national identity
Open Access
Journalism and Literature: Connections and Disconnections
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2008-12-12) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Journalism and literature both involve writing — putting thoughts into words and arranging the words in some reasonable order on the paper or on a computer screen. Both of them yield many examples of clear, lively prose. Bothjournalism and literature offer the fascinating world of ideas that strengthen readers. News reporting is a reflection of lifejust as literature sheds light on people and societies. Bothjournalism and literature tell the stories of actors and activities in the universe. Both are society’s memory and what thy record helps shape the history of the future. However, are thy the same in all respects? This is the central question at the heart of this investigation. It argues that though similar in some areas, journalism and literature are dissimilar in other areas. Thus thy both converge and diverge.
Open Access
NEWS AGENCIES AND HOW THEY FUNCTION: AN EXAMINATION OF REUTERS NEWS AGENCY
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2009-12-12) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
News agencies provide an important and irresistible service. They supply and circulate news and other kinds of information within and between countries to news papers, broadcasting stations as well as a growing number of other clients. The biggest players in this news gathering terrain are the United Press International (UP1), in USA, the Associated Press (AP), in USA, Agence France Presse (AFP), in France and Reuters in the United Kingdom. Collectively, they are called the Big Four. This paper looks at their history, structure and operational challenges, with a particular reference to the Reuters news agency
Open Access
Communication, Conflict Transformation and National Interest in Nigeria
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2010-01-01) Akaase, Ter Moses
The paper, Communication, Conflict Transformation and National Interest sets out to explore the rich qualities available to communication in solving social issues which become aggravated human problems for ages when not attended to. Communication is power, weapon and propeller which empower all classes of society and individuals. Conflicts have become part of all societies on earth, developed, undeveloped or developing. The convergence communication approach is employed as the methodology of how communication can be productively and effectively applied to checkmate looming as well as existing conflicts in Nigeria. The paper recommends a new national policy on Communication to facilitate the power of Communication against vulnerable social and political issues
Open Access
FUNCTIONS AND DYSFUNCTIONS OF MASS COMMUNICATION MEDIA
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2010-10-10) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Mass communication provides a way of interacting, distantly, with unknown audiences. It is the process of sharing experience in which a huge number of people are involved simultaneously, or almost so. It often occurs through the use of mass media channels and technology. The mass media are all around us. To live even one day without mass communication would be impossible for most people. And yet many of us know little of how the media work and how they influence our lives positively and negatively. Accordingly, this paper x-rays the six assigned duties or activities of mass communication and shows that they may be viewed from a functional-dysfunctional perspective.
Open Access
The Acceptance and Utilization of Television in Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools in Kogi State.
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2010-12-12) Akaase, Ter Moses; Anum, Victoria A.
This study 'The Acceptance and utilization of Television in the teaching and learning of mathematics in secondary schools in Kogi State" investigated the role of television in enhancing the teaching and learning of sciences especially mathematics in schools in the state. Survey method was used ‘ with questionnaire or the main instrument to elicit responses from the population. Analysis of data was used done using simple percentages on 516 students 464 teacher return rate of the instrument which represented 98°A> of the study sample. Findings showed 2% utilization level of television in the teaching and learning of mathematics and statistics in secondary schools in the state', the negligible percentage is even derived from NTA network programmes which are targeted not only in Kogi state. The study recommends that the state government should evolve a policy . towards statistic and other science subjects in its secondary schools by acquiring and utilizing television in the teaching and learning of subjects', this means upgrading other facilities also and providing permanent sources of electricity in the schools.
Open Access
World Broadcast Media: A Look at the Voice Of America (VOA)
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2011-01-01) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
After explaining broadcast journalism, its nature and importance, this paper traces the history, organization and operations of the 6 7-year-old Voice of America (VOA), including the controversies it has attracted over the years. In the end, the international public broadcaster is revealed as a consequential and compelling companion of news and entertainment for audiences around the globe.
Open Access
Satellite and Broadcasting: International Trends, Issues and Implications for the Development Countries.
(Department of Mass Communication, 2011-03-01) Akaase, Ter Moses
Satellite as a means of communication has over the years redefined the concept of news from what used to be. Broadcasting in particular has been revolutionalized by satellite in many more ways than one. Indeed, satellite ushered in a new era of international mass communication, permitting live pictures to be transmitted across the globe in simultaneity. Inspite of these great facts, developed nations which are producers of satellite technology have continued to control the minds and ways of life ofpeople in developing countries who are the consumers of this imposing technology*>. This paper examines the international trends, perspectives, implications and issues which are of critical importance for global attention. these issues range from sovereign security, piracy, scramble for, space and cultural violation on the global satellite scene. The paper recommends as international conference under the auspices of the United Nations to dialogue on these issues.
Open Access
Profuse and Pesty: An Analysis of Advertising Bombardment in Today's World
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2011-03-01) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Advertising, a big business in itself, is the engine that allows the rest of the business world to flourish. It has the subtle ability to reach out and touch everyone living and working in the modern world. Largely, it does this through the usual media of mass communication, but lately it also uses an increasing variety of unusual means to find its audience. Today, a concentrated outpouring of advertisements is directed at the consciousness of consumer’s every-day, through traditional and nontraditional outlets. Accordingly, this investigation examines the proliferation and preponderance of advertising in contemporary living. Among other things, it recommends that the Advertising Practitioners' Council of Nigeria (APCON) should be empowered to regulate the exposure of advertisements to audiences.
Open Access
The Press and Political Reporting in Nigeria: 1859-2010
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-01-01) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
This paper reviews the role newspapers have played in Nigeria's politics from the earliest times when, in 1859, the country's first newspaper, Iwe Irohin, was founded in Abeokuta, Ogun state. The press is regarded as an integral part of the larger social, economic and political environment. Arguing that the press has a role as a public forum (a market place of ideas for all) as well as an independent participant in the political process (distributor of facts about political parties and the government, reported accurately and objectively), the discussion reveals that characteristically, the behavior of Nigerian newspapers has always been political and agitational. From the pre-independence era to the postindependence period, the Nigerian press has regularly reported and projected political stories and editorials. The paper concludes that in line with its social responsibility and surveillance role, the Nigerian press has always been concerned and campaigning, actively reflecting and commenting on political developments in the country.
Open Access
Appraisal of Al-Ahram of Egypt as an African Elite Newspaper
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-03-12) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Today newspapers are the major practitioners of journalism. News is the main and magnificent dish served by them. It is the major product and principal support for journalism operations. And newspapers are the initiators of journalism. The practice of journalism occurs in many other media, of course, but when one thinks about journalism, what it is, where it happens, what it does - chances are one thinks about newspapers. It has always been so, because for centuries newspapers were the only news medium. Radio broadcasting started about 1901 and television broadcasting from 1939. The Web has been around from about 1990. Newspapers, however, have existed for centuries since the German, Johan Gutenberg, invented the printing press in 1440s. Indeed, even back to the Roman Empire
Open Access
NEWSWORTHINESS: AN ANALYSIS OF HOW SOCIETAL THEMES ARE SELECTED AND REPORTED IN THE MASS MEDIA
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-04-02) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Around the world, millions of people daily attend to the mass media to be informed, educated and entertained. Gerald (1965) obseiwes that in countries where nearly every adult is literate, almost everyone reads a daily newspaper; although one may never open a book. The magnets to the mass media are the news stories they convey. Twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, people hunger for what is recent, what is new and what is now. They yearn for the information that makes a difference in their lives. An axiom says information is power because what a person knows can transform his life. To the individual, the power of information gives him the expert edge, the cutting edge. Accordingly, information, as provided in news reporting, can enhance and enrich lives. Generally, it is a treasure that really edifies the lives of people in the society. But how do reporters judge what is significant enough to be reported? From the millions of daily events, how do the news gatherers determine what is, on the one hand, important and irresistible (newsworthy) and, on the other hand, what is insignificant and immaterial (unnewsworthy)? These questions lie at the heart of the investigation reported in the following pages
Open Access
THE PRESS, MISS WORLD PAGEANT 2002 AND THE KADUNA RIOT
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2013-06-03) P. T., Marcus
The paper reports how the Nigerian newspapers reported the 2002 Miss World pageant and the riot that ensued in Kaduna town. Specifically, it examined the extent of newspaper coverage and the prominence they gave the issue. The paper also analyzed the - direction (tone) of the stories in the newspapers in terms of being favorable, unfavorable and neutral or both. Judgmental sampling was used to select forty three issues of three national dailies (New Nigerian, This Day and Vanguard) from the day the offensive publication hit the new stand to the day the pageant was concluded in London from November I6h to December T .Content analysis was used to analyzed the data and the findings revealed that all the newspapers gave prominence to the Kaduna riot. Majority of the stories came on the inside pages with a lot of photographs. The Vanguard carried more stories than This Day and the New Nigerian. There was a balance in reporting both favorable and unfavorable by This Day and New Nigerian with Vanguard reporting more unfavorable(50%) than favorable stories(27.2%). New Nigerian did not give much prominence to the story as only five editions carried stories within the period. This Day newspaper was low keyed in their reports and published only 16 stories including the “offensive ” story and the editorial which contained the apology to all Muslims. The paper concludes with a recommendation that Nigerian journalist should avail themselves of the code of ethics manual and to know what is really required of them when reporting issues that are perceived as sensitive to avoid a re-occurrence like the ugly mayhem in Kaduna state.
Open Access
How and Why Journalism Matters
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University keffi, 2014-01-01) Muhammad, Rabiu S.
Directly or indirectly, journalism touches every part of our lives. It tells us about ourselves and, in so doing, performs a role that is not just important but vital for our society. The famous writer, Oscar Wilde, captures the predominance and perpetuity of Journalism in these words: “In America, the president reigns for four years and journalism governs forever and ever” (Mencher, 1994). The information it provides gives us a context for our personal world and a connection for a large environment. This investigation offers an inside look at the world of journalism - its practices, culture and demands.
Open Access
Radio Broadcast and the Adoption of Agriculture Innovations Among Rural Farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2014-03-06) Ugande, Gabriel Bundekaan; Josiah, Sabo Kente