Browsing by Author "Pennap, Grace Rinmecit"
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Item Open Access ANTIBIOGRAM OF NON-SORBITOL FERMENTING ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES IN KEFFI, NIGERIA(Deepartment of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2014-01-01) Ngwai, Y. B.; Gyar, S. D.; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Makut, M.D.; Ishaleku, D.; Corosi, S. M.; Nkene, I. H.; Uzoamaka, N.Non-sorbitol fermenting Escherichia coli, particularly 0157:H7, are major public health concern. This study was undertaken to isolate and identify non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) E. coli from stool samples and food sources in Keffi metropolis. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples of vegetables (100), raw beef (110), undercooked beef (60), local fresh milk product ("Nono”: 50), cow dung (10) and human stool (100) were collected from five different locations in Keffi metropolis and NSF E. coli was isolated and confirmed by culture on Sorbitol MacConkey agar, Eosine Methylene Blue agar and biochemical tests namely, Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Poskauer and citrate test (IMViC). Antibiotics susceptibility tests using standard procedure were carried on the isolates. E. coli was detected in 298 (69.3%) samples. Of the positive samples, 64 (21.5%) were NSF E coli with high detection in raw beef (43.8%) and cow dung (40.0%); and 234 (78.5%) were sorbitol-fermenting (SF) strains with high detection in all sources. The NSF E. coli were highly susceptible to septrin (79.7%), peflacine (68.8%), streptomycin (71.9%), gentamicin (62.5%) and ofloxacin (70.3%); but less to ampicillin (12.5%), augmentin (32.8%), ceporex (32.8%), nalidixic acid (43.8%) and ciprofloxacin (48.4%). There were 46 different resistance phenotypes with AU, CPX, SXT, S, PN, CEP, OFX, NA, PEF; AU, CPX, PN, CEP, NA; AU, PN, CEP, NA, CN; PN, CEP, NA, CN; and CPX, PN, NA dominating at 4.7 % each. MAR was observed in all the isolates with resistance to 4 and 5 antibiotics being more frequent at 23.4% and 21.9% respectively. The lowest MAR index was 0.3. In conclusion, non-sorbitol fermenting E. coli was shown to contaminate some cabbage vegetables, raw beef, undercooked beef, and "Nono” consumed in Keffi metropolis. The NSF E. coli were more susceptible to septrin, aminoglycosides and ofloxacin; and originate from an environment where antimicrobials are freely available and misused. __ _Item Open Access Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli from Urine of Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infections in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nassarawa State University Keffi,, 2019-08-22) Nkene, I. H.; Ngwai, Y. B.; Bassey, E.B.; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Makut, M.D.Aims: This study investigated the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli from the urine of patients with suspected urinary tract infections in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Sample was obtained from the Federal Medical Center, Keffi and analyzed at Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, between January and April 2018. Methodology: Three hundred and eighty urine samples were collected and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for the isolates was carried out and interpreted as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: The occurrence of the bacterium was 12.9% (49/380). The occurrence in relation to the gender of the patients was higher in the female (15.5%) than the male (9.8%); in relation to age, it was highest at 11-20 years (23.5%) but lowest at > 50 years (2.3%). The isolates were more resistant to ampicillin (81.6%), streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprime (75.0%) but less resistant to gentamycin (30.6%), and imipenem (22.4%). The occurrences of different classes of resistance were multidrug resistance (MDR) (93.9%) and pan drug resistance (4.2%). Most of the isolates were more resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotic and were also MDR isolates. Conclusion: The need to review antibiotic use by the hospital is thus justified.Item Open Access Detection and Genotypic Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus among Prospective Blood Donors at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2020-12-11) Egbu, Chukwunonso Henry; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Pennap, Grace RinmecitAims: This study was conducted to detect and type hepatitis B virus circulating among prospective blood donors at a tertiary healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between January and October, 2018. Methodology: Blood sample (3 ml) was collected from each of the 400 consenting blood donors at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State and their socio-demographic information obtained using structured questionnaires. The sera were screened for HBV infection serologic markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb and HBcAb) using HBV-5 rapid panel test kit (CTK Biotech. Inc. San Diego, USA). All samples positive for HBsAg, HBeAg and those negative for HBsAg but positive for HBcAb were genotyped by PCR using type-specific primers. Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 400 blood donors screened, 31(7.8%) were positive for HBsAg, 113(28.3%) for HBsAb, 11(2.8%) for HBeAg, 18(4.5%) for HBeAb and 78(19.5%) for HBcAb. A total of 34 samples (HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative but HBcAb-positive) were genotyped and of these, 32 (94.1%) had HBV-DNA bands while the remaining 2(5.9%) samples were not-typable. Furthermore, Of the 32 HBV-DNA-positive samples successfully genotyped, 17(53%) had single HBV genotype infection while the remaining 15 (46.8%) had mixed HBV genotype infection. In relation to frequency of occurrence, single HBV/E genotype was predominant (37.5%), followed HBV/F (9.4%) and HBV/A (6.3%). Meanwhile, double mixed-infection of HBV genotypes B/E had the highest rate (18.8%), followed by B/D (12.5%) and A/B (3.1%). Finally, triple infections with both A/B/D and A/B/E genotypes occurred at the same rate of 6.3% Conclusion: This study reported the circulation of HBV genotypes A, B, D, E and F in the study population with predominance of genotype E and a novel appearance of genotype F in Nigeria. These findings are of public health significance particularly in antiviral therapy.Item Open Access Detection and molecular typing of dengue virus circulating among febrile patients in a private tertiary institution in North Central Nigeria(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2020-09-21) Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Suchi, Kyeswet Nanret; Pennap, Grace RinmecitThere is still paucity of published data on dengue virus particularly its circulating serotypes in Nigeria and Africa at large. This study was however conducted to detect and type dengue virus (DENV) serotype(s) circulating among febrile patients in a private tertiary institution in North Central Nigeria. After informed consent, 400 blood samples were collected from febrile patients at the University Health Centre. The resulting sera were screened for DENV seromarkers (IgM, IgG and NS1) using Aria Dou DENV RDT kits (CTK Biotech, Inc, San Diego, USA) while all positive samples were serotyped by PCR using type specific primers. Data obtained were analyzed using Smith’s Statistical Package (Version 2.8, California, USA) and p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 400 patients screened, 12(3.0%) were positive for acute and recent DENV infection. Age and gender of the patients were not associated with the infection (p>0.05). However, it was higher among female subjects of age ≤20 years. Of the 12 positive samples serotyped, 7(58.3%) were of DENV-3 while the remaining 5(41.7%) were not-typable. Our findings confirmed the circulation of DENV-3 in the study area. Hence, there is need for the inclusion of dengue virus test in the routine diagnosis of febrile illnesses to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.Item Open Access Genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus in a subset of infected young people in Central Nigeria(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2019-09-15) Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Oti, B. Victor; Adoga, P. MosesTen genotypes (A–J) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with distinct geographical distribution have been identified as a result of the high degree of genetic heterogeneity of the virus; with Nigeria being the most likely origin of genotype E. HBV genotypes play critical roles in response to antiviral therapy. However, the circulating genotypes of the virus in an HBVendemic Nigeria are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the genotypes of HBV amongst a subset of infected young people in Central Nigeria. A total of 350 sera were analysed. All the samples that tested positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg were genotyped by PCR using type-specific primers. A total of 29 cases (8.3%) were both HBsAg and HBeAg positive. Of these, 4 (13.8%) were genotype A (HBV/A), 10 (34.5%) genotype B (HBV/B) and 13 (44.8%) genotype E (HBV/E); suggesting that genotype E was predominant. Additionally, 2 (6.9%) had mixed infection with genotypes B and E. Age and gender were not associated with genotype distribution ( P > 0.05 ) . This is the first report of genotype B as a circulating variant in Nigeria. These findings have critical national and regional implications for the epidemiology of the virus, vaccination, antiviral therapy and clinical outcomes.Item Open Access Genotypic characterization of hepatitis B virus among human immunodeficiency virus patients at a tertiary health care facility in North Central Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-05-29) Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Alaku, Sarah; Pennap, Grace RinmecitHepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem, with approximately 257 million people chronically infected. HBV co-infection with human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus is a major public health problem especially in developing countries. In this study, the genotypes of HBV were determined among 400 consenting HIV patients accessing healthcare in Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria by Nested Multiplex PCR method. Blood samples were collected and screened for HBsAg using ACON kit (ACON Laboratories Inc, USA). HBV DNA from 18 positive samples were genotyped. Of these, 5.6% were of genotype B, 22.2% were of genotype F and 72.2% were not-typeable. This study reported the circulation of genotypes B and F in the study population with predominance of not-typable strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of genotype F in a Nigerian study.Item Open Access Molecular diversity of multi-resistant and extended–spectrum beta lactamase– producing Escherichia coli from door handles in Lafia, central Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-07-13) Tsaku, P.A.; Ibrahim, T.; Istifanus, Haruna Nkene; Abimiku, Rejoice Helma; David, Ishaleku; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Ngwai, Y.B.Human hands have been implicated as a major source of dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms through fomites. This study investigated the diversity of ESBL-producing in E. coli isolates from door handles using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). An occurrence of 77(19.25%) of E. coli out of 400 samples was recovered from different locations. The study of antibiotics resistance showed that ampicillin, ceftazidime, and streptomycin were predominantly resistant. Multiple antibiotics resistance index of ≥0.3 was recorded in 73(94.81%) of the isolates. A total of 40 resistant phenotypes were observed in this study, with AMP-AUG-CAZ-CRO-S-CIP-SXT-TE-C being the commonest. Twenty isolates were characterised as Multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes, followed by, pan drug resistance (PDR) and extensive resistance (XDR) phenotypes recorded in 12 and 8 isolates respectively. Thirty-six (36) ESBL-producers were identified out of which 14 harboured blaTEM, while 5 and 9 were carriers of blaSHV and blaCTX-M respectively. Most of the isolates shared a common origin, as revealed by result of the RFLP. The outcome of this study suggests the need for improved personal hygiene and the need for all stakeholders to be proactive in curtailing the spread of resistant pathogens.Item Open Access Parallel and Concurrent Infection of Dengue Virus and Plasmodium falciparum among Patients with Febrile Illnesses Attending Bingham University Health Centre, Karu, Nigeria(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2020-09-09) Suchi, Kyeswet Nanret; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Ademola, Olutunde Adegbite; Pennap, Grace RinmecitAims: This study was conducted to determine the parallel and concurrent infection of dengue virus and Plasmodium falciparum among patients with febrile illnesses attending Bingham University Health Centre, Karu, Nigeria. Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi and 68 Nigerian Army Reference Hospital, Yaba-Lagos, between February and July 2017. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 400 patients with febrile illnesses at the University Health Centre. The resulting sera was screened for dengue virus seromarkers (IgM, IgG and NS1) using Aria Dou dengue virus RDT kits (CTK Biotech, Inc, San Diego, USA) while malaria parasitemia was detected by Giemsa stained thick and thin film microscopy. Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 400 patients screened, 12(3.0%) were positive for dengue virus, 20(5.0%) for malaria parasite while 10(2.5%) for dengue/malaria co-infection. Infection with dengue virus and malaria parasite was found to be higher among female subjects aged ≤30 years. However, age and gender were not significantly associated with both infections in this study (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the presence of dengue virus infection in the study area which probably may have been misdiagnosed and mistreated. Hence, differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses should not only be limited to malaria and typhoid as is always the case in our health care centres.Item Open Access Patterns of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Serologic Markers among Blood Donors at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-12-10) Egbu, Chukwunonso Henry; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Pennap, Grace RinmecitAims: This study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of hepatitis B virus infection serologic markers among blood donors at a tertiary healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between January and October, 2018. Methodology: Blood sample (3 ml) was collected from each of the 400 consenting blood donors at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State and their socio-demographic information obtained using structured questionnaires. The sera were screened for HBV infection serologic markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb and HBcAb) using HBV-5 rapid panel test kit (CTK Biotech. Inc. San Diego, USA). Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Majority of the 400 blood donors screened were males (391/400) and aged 25-34 years (203/400). Of these, 31(7.8%) were positive for HBsAg, 113(28.3%) for HBsAb, 11(2.8%) for HBeAg, 18(4.5%) for HBeAb and 78(19.5%) for HBcAb. Analysi;s of these sero-markers indicated that 1.5% of the donors had chronic infection with high viral replication, 1.2% had acute infection with high viral replication, 4.5% were carriers with low viral replication, 0.7% had occult infection, 0.5% were recently vaccinated, 15.5% were immuned due to successful vaccination, 12.8% were immuned as a result of natural previous exposure to the virus while 63.3% were not exposed to the virus. Age and gender were not associated with HBV infection in this study (P > 0.05). However there was statistically significant difference between age and gender with rate of HBcAb (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We confirmed the presence occult HBV infection among prospective blood donors in the study area. Hence, HBV profiling for routine screening of blood donors should be made mandatory to avoid transfusion-associated hepatitis B virus infection.Item Open Access Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus patients at a tertiary health care facility in Central Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-04-30) Alaku, Sarah; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Pennap, Grace RinmecitHepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus is a major public health problem especially in developing countries. In this study, the prevalence of HBV infection was evaluated among 400 consenting HIV patients accessing healthcare in Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria using HBsAg detection as the surrogate. Blood samples were collected and screened for HBsAg using ACON screening kit (ACON Laboratories Inc, USA). The Chi-square statistical test was performed to identify possible determining factors associated with the viral infection. Overall, 30 (7.5%) of the participants were reactive to HBsAg. The possible determining factors for acquiring the virus recorded in this study were marital status and alcoholism (p<0.05). Gender, age, educational status, occupation, history of blood transfusion, locality, cigarette smoking, self-manicure and pedicure, tribal marks, tattoos and history of HBV vaccination were not significantly associated with acquiring the viral infection (p>0.05). This finding calls for a concern because coinfection of HBV with HIV accelerates disease progression and also has an effect on the management of patients infected with HIV.Item Open Access Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients Accessing Healthcare in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-06-13) Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Victor, Oti B.; Aliribe, Gloria A.; Abimiku, Ajegena S.; Galleh, Raphael Peternfections of Hepatitis B and C viruses among seropositive Human immunodeficiency virus patients are a growing public health problem in Sub Saharan Africa characterized by unaffordable treatment, severe morbidity and associated mortality. This study was aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV infected patients accessing health care at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. The cross-sectional study took place between May-July 2016. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from HIV patients after informed consent and self-administered questionnaires were completed. The samples were centrifuged and the serum screened for HBV and HCV using the immunochromatographic technique. A general prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses in the study population was 17.5%. The prevalence of HBV infection was 12.5% while HCV was 5.0%. Females have higher infection rates for both viruses (p > 0.05). HBV infection was highest among those aged 20-29 years (14.3%) and lowest among those aged 30-39 years (6.5%). HCV infection was highest among those aged > 40 years (8.7%) and least among those aged 30-39 years (0.0%). Infection rates with blood transfusion, smoking habit, scarification marks and alcohol intake as risk factors were more for HBV than HCV (p > 0.05). The HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfection prevalence of 12.5% and 5.0% respectively is a cause for concern. This finding underscores the urgent need for more proactive HBV immunization programs and screening of HIV patients for HBV and HCV before and even during antiretroviral therapy. Health education against these silent killers should also be advocated.