Thesis and Dissertations

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    COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF THREE SPECIES OF MELON (iCucumis melo, Cucurbita moscknta anti Cucumeropsis rnannii) SEEDS.
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,nasarawa state University keffi., 2021-01-03) yahaya, Ajibe Yusuf.
    The high incidence of malnutrition in developing countries has led to the search for food materials which are high in energy density and proteins coupled with affordability and availability. This study evaluates the nutritional composition of three species of melon seeds (Cucumeropsis. mannii, Cucumis. melo, and Cucurbita. moschata). The seeds were obtained from Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Proximate composition and qualitative phytochemical screening was determined by the method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists method (AOAC). Vitamins, amino acids and minerals were determined by standard methods. Oils were extracted from the samples using soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane. The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenol, alkaloids, terpenes, triterpenes, cardiac glycoside, sterols, terpenoids and tannins in the three species. The proximate composition revealed that crude fat is high in all the samples with C. moschata having the highest (41.23%) while C. mannii have the highest crude protein (26.31%). The result also reveals that all the samples have low carbohydrate (11%, 14% &13%) for C. mannii, C. melo and C. moschata respectively. The result of mineral composition reveals that potassium is high in ail the samples with C. moschata having the highest (84.62 mg/lOOg) while Cadmium is the lowest (0.06mg/100g). The varieties also contain (3-carotene, a-tocopherol and Ascorbic acid where |3-carotene is the most abundant in the three varieties. The amino acid imposition revealed leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, glutamic acid serine and aspartic acid to be the highest in all the samples. The percentage oil yield from the seeds were 32.90%, 31.38%, and 37.28% for C. mannii, C. melo and C. moschata respectively. The physicochemical properties of the oil obtained revealed acid value (mgKOH/g) in the range of 0.38-0.53. Saponification value (mg/KOH/g) 152.5-168.3. Iodine value (g/h/100g) 92.7-119.5 free fatty acid ;%01eic) 2.34-3.66. Peroxide value (meqKOH/g) 4.56-6.38 and the pH in the range of 6.09-6.18 for C. mannii, C, melo and C. moschata respectively. Colour was golden yellow, odour was agreeable, and the oil was liquid at room temperature. In conclusion, the three melon seeds species :ontain almost similar nutritional composition. This justified the use of the melon seeds for .ndustrial, food, medicinal and cosmetic purposes. !
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    CORRELATION OF ACETYLATOR STATUS, PIIENYLTHIOCARBAMIDE (PTC) TASTE SENSITIVITY AND BLOOD GROUPS OF TUBERCULOSIS (TB) PATIENTS ACCESSING MEDICARE IN ALUSHI MEDICAL CENTRE, AKWANGA.
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,nasarawa state University keffi., 2021-01-04) James, Ambi Lami
    Isoniazid also known as isonicotinylhydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis, it is highly effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The drug is metabolized by acetylation, which varies among individuals. Therefore for effective treatment outcomes that is free from hepatotoxicity, an individual’s acetylator status must be determined.The correlation of blood groups, acetylator status and phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity in Tuberculosis (TB) patients accessing Medicare in Evangelical Reformed Church of Christ (ERCC), Alushi Medical Centre, Akwanga was determined. A total of 150 TB patients: 102 (68%) males and 48 (48%) females. The blood group test was conducted using the tile method. Out of the 150 samples 16 (10.6%) were group A+, 5 (3.3%) group A-, 39(26.0%) group B+, 5 (3.3%) group B-, 66 (44.0%) group 0+, 8 (5.0%) group 0-, 10 (6.7%) group AB+- and 1 (0.7%) were group AB-. The acetylator phenotype was achieved by measuring the percentage of acetylisoniazid in the urine after a unique oral dose of 300mg of acetylators. TB patients were treated for two months with standard regimen combining rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Tasters and non-tasters of PTC were determined among the participants using PTC taste strips. Exactly 127 (84.7%) and 23 (15.3%) were tasters and non-tasters respectively. Using pearson correlation, the results obtained showed a significantly (p<0.01) strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.99) between the blood group and sensitivity (positive) to PTC of TB patients. However, the correlation coefficient between blood group and inability (negative) to taste PTC was 0.527, indicating a weaker and non-significant (p<0.01) positive correlation was also obtained (correlation coefficient of 0.852) between the blood group and fast acetylators. Similarly, significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was obtained between blood group and the slow acetylators, with a correlation coefficient of 0.767. The results showed a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.852); a near-perfect correlation between the blood group of TB patients attending Alushi Hospital and the fast acetylators. Also, significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was obtained between blood group and the slow acetylators, with a correlation coefficient 0.767.There was a significant correlation between the blood group and the acetylator phenotype of TB patients. However, there was no correlation between blood group and inability to taste PTC.
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    EFFECT OF MINING ACTIVITIES ON THE LIPID PROFILE, LIVER AND KIDNEY FUNCTION OF AZARA TOWN INHABITANT
    (DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2019-11-10) Olisenekwu, Lawrence Chuks
    Mining activities can cause untold health hazards on the lipid profile, liver and kidney functions in the inhabitants of Azara town. The level HDL-c was lower compared to the reference range and the level of LDL-c was higher than the reference range. This result suggests that the . inhabitants are predisposed to CVDs. Enzyme markers like ALP, AST, and ALT were elevated which connotes a possibly liver malfunction. Meanwhile, the GFR value was found to be in stage of CKD. Therefore, the use of antioxidants to reduce the increase of ROS to improve the health of aging men and to reduce the oxidative stress rate is recommended . Understanding the effect of crude mining methods could help the inhabitants to stay out of harm's way.
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    EFFECTS OF HERDERS AND FARMERS CONFLICT IN JENKWE DEVELOPMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE
    (2019-12-04) Joshua, Magaji Janet
    Farming is one of the primary activities in Nigeria. The great concern and efforts were focused base on the farmers’ contribution by feeding the nation. Herding is also one of the sectors of production of beef and milk. Both farmers and herdsmen are partners in progress for the development of the nation. This study looked upon the causes of the conflict between the herdsmen and farmers in Jekwe Development area of Nasarawa state. The problem comes in when herdsmen penetrate into people’s farmland and graze over the crops and destroy the farmland. The clashes resulted in killing and hatred among the nomadic herders and different community Nigeria. The questionnaires samples about 100 respondents and result indicate less concern attitude toward government to intervene the menace. There need to sensitize the Fulani’s herdsmen on the importance of farming activities in Nigeria. The root means square error indicates 0 significant fits to the model that the conflict will be resolved only if there is enlightenment, education, the introduction of control stocking and development of Fulani’s nomadic settlement all over the country. However, with the new introduction of the mobile court to checkmate the herdsmen and farmers conflict will bring sanity to all the inhabitant of Jenkwe development area of Nasarawa.
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    ESTIMATION OF RADIATION DOSE RATE LEVELS AROUND AZARA TOWN. AWE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASSARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
    (Department Of BioChemistry And Molecular Biology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-10-25) Olasehinde, Toluwani Olabode
    Radiation dose rate level monitoring was carriedout around Azara town and miningsites close to the town. A Radiagem 2000 Survey meter was used. Areas monitored include different location in Azara Town, mining Vent 17 and mining Vent 18. It was observed that the dose equivalent rate varied from 0.0 15 ± 0.002 to 0.241 ± 0.005pSv/hr with a mean value of 0.141 IpSv/h. Some of these results though slightly above the standard background radiation(0.133pSv/h), they are below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) maximum permissible limit of 0.57pSv/hr and may not pose any danger to the mining workers, the inhabitants of Azara village and the environment at large. This project work also revealed that the dose rate at Azara village is essentially from natural background radiation. This implies that the village is safe and there has been no radioactive contamination from the activities of the mining sites on the people and the environment. This however, may not be the same for too long a time, depending on the mining activities in the future.
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    EVALUATION OF DICLOFENAC (DCF) POTASSIUM AS A POSSIBLE PREDISPOSER OF BENIGN PROSTATIC ENLARGEMENT IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS
    (Department of Natural And Applied Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-04-04) Abdullahi, Sadiya Halimatu
    Diclofenac (DCF) Potassium drug is widely used in developing countries like Nigeria, because of its fast and speedy effect on pains. The high number of adult males falling victims to Bening Prostate Enlargement (BPE) made DCF-Potassium drugs and others suspects in the predisposition of BPH. Adult albino male rats were used and divided into 8 groups of four rats each. The groups included the control, standard (injected with 1ml of testosterone in olive oil) and 6 others groups which were fed with normal pellet and fat feed, treated with Diclofenac Potassium in solution of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml, and 0.8 ml, respectively. The animals were denaturated, sacrificed and their blood samples were taken for laboratory analysis such as liver function test, kidney function test, lipid profile, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and heamatologicalical analysis. Values obtained were compared to the control (untreated) group and the standard group (treated with testosterone in olive oil). The comparison was done at 5% confidence limit (P < 0.05). The result showed that the groups treated with mid dose, experienced a significant elevation in total bilirubin, alkaline phoshatase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. The concentration of Na+, CP and HCO3' decreased in the groups treated with mid and high dose while K+significantly incresead (P < 0.05), urea and creatinine were also elvated significantly (P < 0.05) increased in groups treated with mid and high dose. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol increased significantly in the groups treated with mid and high dose, PSA was increased when compared to the control group except for group 2. Haematological analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in white blood cell, red blood cell and haemoglobin when compared with the control. The results obtained suggest the possibilities that DCF-Potassium medication is a likely predisposser of BPE, kidney, liver and heart (lipid assay) disease. vi
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    EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTENT IN VEGETABLES OBTAINED FROM AZARA COMMUNITY OF NASARAWA STATE
    (Department Of BioChemistry And Molecular Biology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-11-22) Otubu, Godiva Oghenetejiri
    Heavy metals refer to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration. Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bio accumulate in biological system.Vegetables constitute an important part of human diet since it contains carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins as well as trace elements. Contamination of vegetables with heavy metals from soil and atmosphere poses threat to its quality and safety.The levels of heavy metals (Zn, Barium, Cd, Cu, and Pb) in soils and some edible vegetables in Azara community were determined using spectrophotometer method.Soils and vegetable samples were collected at random in Azara community. The concentration of heavy metals in soil samples in mg/kg were determined BaS04 (0.13), Zn (0.22), Cd (0.02), Cu (0.63) and Pb (0.62) and in vegetables BaS04 (1.05), Zn (0.22), Cd (0.01), Pb (0.63), and Cu (0.9).The concentration of heavy metals in soil and vegetables from Azara community showed low levels of all heavy metals except for Barite which levels were high in both vegetables and soils. There is need for continuous monitoring of contamination level of heavy metals since they can bio-accumulate to toxic levels. Further research should be carried out and the frequency of the sampling should be taken into consideration the types of heavy metals and the seasonal flow of crop cultivation to show which season heavy metals accumulates the more.
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    EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER SAMPLES, IN AZARA COMMUNITY OF NASARAWA STATE
    (Department Of BioChemistry And Molecular Biology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-11-25) Solomon, Enjugu Joseph
    The study assessed levels of some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca) in drinking water sources in Azara, community where mining activities is ongoing. Fourteen (14) water samples were collected from river, Stream, boreholes, hand dug wells, in the community. Heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The analyzed results were compared with the permissible limits as prescribed by the Federal Ministry of Environment of Nigeria. Results revealed that the levels of the heavy metals in all the samples analyzed are below the maximum limit. However, one sample obtained from the River was found to have 0.137mg/dl copper which is above the permissible limit (0.10 mg/dl).
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    EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SELECTED HERBAL MIXTURES ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN ALBINO RATS
    (DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2019-10-09) Adejoro, Andrew Ademuyiwa
    Herbal medicine, has played a significant role in the prevention and treatment of various human ailments since time immemorial, but may sometimes be toxic to the system. This research evaluated the effects of selected herbal mixtures on some biochemical parameters of albino rats. They include Africa iba, Golden Shower, Agbonishe, Jami’ush shifa, Enantia chloranthaand Goko Cleanser herbal mixtures. Results obtained showed that ALT content was non-significantly (p > 0.05) different in the groups administered AIM and G. shower when compared to the control group while the activity of AST was not-significantly (p > 0.05) different in both AIM and G. shower groups compared to the control. ALP the activity was not-significantly (p > 0.05) different in the G. shower group and was not-significantly (p > 0.05) different in the AIM group. ALB was significantly (p < 0.05) high in the AIM group and was not-significantly (p > 0.05) lower in the G. shower group when compared to the control. D.bil. was non-significantly (p > 0.05) lower in both the AIM and G. shower groups while T. bil was not-significantly (p > 0.05) higher in the G. shower group but was not-significantly (p > 0.05) lower in the AIM group. PCV, HB and NEU were observed to be not-significantly (p > 0.05) lower in the G. shower group and non-significantly (p > 0.05) higher in the AIM group while WBC, PLT and LYM were nonsignificantly (p > 0.05) higher in the G. shower group and not-significantly (p > 0.05) lower in the AIM group. The serum creatinine value in both the AIM and G. shower groups were found to be non-significantly (p>0.05) when compared with the control. AST was not-significantly (p > 0.05) lower in the Jami’ush shifa group when compared to the control group and nonsignificantly (p > 0.05) higher in the agbonishe group when compared with the control, the increase in PLT by agbonishe was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) when compared to the control. The activities of ALT, AST and ALP showed no significant (p > 0.05) changes in both the when E. chlorantha and G. cleanser administered groups when compared to the control. D.BIL. concentration also showed no significant (p > 0.05) changes in the two treatment groups when compared to the control. The results revealed a non-significant (p > 0.05) difference in the percentage mean cell counts by Enantia chlorantha and Goko Cleanser herbal mixtures. Aqueous bark extract of enantia chlorantha and goko cleanser on serum creatinine in group 2 and 3 showed not-significant (p>0.05) decrease in serum creatinine concentration when compared with the control. Aqueous bark extract of enantia chloranthaznd goko cleanser on serum creatinine in group 2 and 3 showed not-significant (p>0.05) decrease in serum creatinine concentration when compared with the control. The results of this research indicates that the herbal mixtures; Africa Iba, Golden Shower, Agbonishe, Jami’ush shifa, Enantia chlorantha, Goko Cleanser analysed did not exert any toxic effect on the organs of the rats. ALP and ALT activities were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in both the Jami’ush shifa and agbonishe when compared with the control, likewise D. BIL. and ALB concentrations. T.BIL. was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the Jami’ush shifa group and non-significantly lower in agbonishe administered group. No significant (p < 0.05) changes in PCV, WBC, NEU, MON and EO by both Jami’ush shifa and Agbonise when compared to the control. Jami’ushshifa significantly (p < 0.05) increased PLT when compared to the control while. LYM and BAS were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in both Jami’ush shifa and agbonishe administered groups compared to the control. Creatinine concentration showed a not-significant (p<0.05) increase by Jami’ushshifa and a not-significant (p<0.05) decrease by agbonishe when compared to the control. T.BIL. showed significant (p < 0.05) increase by the E. chlorantha group when compared to the control. Serum ALB was significantly (p < 0.05) high in the both the E. chlorantha and G. cleanser administered groups when compared to the control.
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    FORMULATION AND DIETARY INTERVENTION FOR SEVERE ACUTE MALNOURISHED CHILDREN ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE LAFIA, NIGERIA
    (Department Of Biochemistry And Mulecular Biology,Nasarawa state University keffi, 2021-01-04) Yakubu, Emmanuel Atanyi.
    The process of gradual replacement of breastfeeding' with other foods due to breast milk not supplying all the nutrients required by baby is a great concern. Malnutrition is a major health problem in internally displaced persons camps and communities in Nasarawa State and other war • affected area in the world. Malnutrition contributes to infant mortality, poor physical and intellectual development, as well as lowered resistance to diseases. Thus, this study, was conducted to formulate a cereal, legume and vegetable based weaning food, a mixture of; Millet, groundnut, soya bean, crayfish, and carrot for children attending Tudun kori Primary Health Care Lafia, Nigeria. One hundred selected children based on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were randomly selected for the study. The socio-demographic, nutritional and clinical information of the children and caregivers were obtained using structured questionnaires. Anthropometric assessment was done on each participant and blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters. The I formulated diet MSGCC showed Energy density 4.08 ± 1.05 kcal/g, crude protein 18.27 ± 0.36%, crude fat 5.02 ± 0:50% and were comparable to International Food Standard values as amended in I 2017. Moisture value was 2.19 ± 0.19% which suggests longer shelf life for the food. Out of the 100 children selected for the study; 56 had SAM cases. Children aged 6-12 months had the highest prevalence of 45.0% and male participants were higher than females. Most of the participants had an average respiration rate of <50->50 in 6-12 months and body temperature of 36-39°C. The participants had an average weight of 14.0 ± 14.8 kg, height of 75.0 ± 35.4 cm and MUAC of 8.0 ± 4.9 cm. There was a statistically significant association between the participants and anthropometric measures (P < 0.05). MUAC was not statistically associated with gender and age of SAM children attending PMC, Lafia (P > 0.05). Similarly, weight-for-height measure was not statistically significant with the gender of the participants (P > 0.05). The biochemical analysis showed an average glucose level of 3.65 ± 0.78 and 5.0 ± 0.99 mmol/L, average total protein of 58.50 ± 9.19 and 68.0 ± 7.07 g/L, average albumin of 26.50 ± 7.77 and 33.00 ± 4.24 g/L, average vitamin A of 19.00 ± 5.66 and 40.00 ± 11.31 pg/dL and average iron level was 10.60 ± 0.71 and 12.15 ±0.92 g/dL before and after administration of formulated dietary intervention respectively. We concluded that the formulated diet contained improve protein quality and, might have affected mineral bioavailability. Thus, could serve as alternative diet to the existing imported and expensive weaning foods to improve the nutritional status of infants and children to prevent protein-energy - malnutrition.