Faculty of Natural And Applied Sciences

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Open Access
28-day subchronic toxicity studies of 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate in albino rats
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-10-01) Ajiboso, S.O.; Gbate, M.; Ajari, O.I.; Adeyemo, S.O.
Sixty adult Rattus novergicus (both sexes) of mean body weight of 150.0 ± 3.5 g was distributed into 6 groups of 10 rats per group (same sex). The groups A, B, C, D, E and F were exposed to adjusted dosages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) respectively by inhalation from day 1 to day 28. At p<0.05, DDVP caused significant decrease in GPT activity, WBC and lymphocytes levels in exposed groups while GOT activity, creatinine, haemoglobin, PCV and neutrophil levels were significantly increased. Increase in GOT activity and creatinine level was dose-related. ALP activity was unchanged in groups exposed to 20%; decreased in groups exposed to 40%, 60% and 80% while significant increase was observed in group exposed to 100% DDVP. Albumin was also significantly increased in groups exposed to 80% and 100% DDVP. Groups exposed to 0%, 20% and 40% DDVP showed GOT/GPT ratios <1 while >1 was the value obtained for groups exposed to 60%, 80% and 100%. Groups exposed to 0%, 20% and 40% DDVP showed weight gain while weight loss was recorded in group exposed to 100% DDVP throughout the experimental period. Investigated parameters were generally higher in group exposed to 100% than other groups. Severe toxicity was observed in group exposed to 100% DDVP after 21 d of continuous exposure. Cholinergic signs observed in severely affected group that was exposed to 100% DDVP included anorexia, muscular tremors, mucous nasal discharges, increased frequency of salivation and urine staining, decreased body weight gain and diarrhoea. No adverse effects or cholinergic signs were observed in the functional observational battery and locomotor of the rats exposed to 0% to 80%; the NOEL was determined to be 20%. No mortality was recorded and none was killed because of intoxication. The leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, increased haemoglobin, albumin and creatinine established in this study resulted from increased DDVP concentration and were attributed to malnutrition from low feed intake and dehydration
Open Access
Ab-Initio Quantum Calculations of Some Molecular and Physical Properties of Alamine-Templated Gold Metal Nanoclusters for Application in Biosensing
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-11) Nafiu, S.A.; Lumbi, W.L.; Ewa, I.I.; Gurku, U.M.
Alamine derived nanoclusters with Gold carriers for Biosensing are studied using ab-initio Quantum Chemical calculations. Density functional computations at the Becke3LYP (B3LYP) are arrived at with the aid of LANDL2DZ basis set. The molecular structure, dipole moment, quadrupole moment, charge transfer, polarizability and energy are studied. The Alamine DNA basis shows that the properties of pure Alamine are greatly influenced with the addition of Gold nanoclusters. The computed dipole moments are high showing that the nanocluster molecules are polar and the charge distribution is not symmetrical. The quadrupole moment showed that the molecules are a bit elongated along the ZZ axis. The total energies indicate that the Alamine molecules are slightly more stable with increase in the number of Alamine segments in the Gold four chains.
Open Access
ABUNDANCE OF MOSQUITOES OF SOME SELECTED AREAS ON THE JOS PLATEAU, NIGERIA
(Department Of Zoology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2006-04-14) Andrew, Yako B.; Anyanwu, G.I.; Ogo, N.I.; Auta, K.I
Mosquitoes generally are pests, and their bites make life unbearable and uncomfortable,;. present case study suggests that larger water holdings in and around our homes lead to an increase stages of larval‘development. Some species of mosquitoes described and identified thus, include; Culex annidioris, Ctilex,pipients fatigansj Aedes aedimorphus cuunwiini; Aedes aedi/nerphus domesticus, Anopheles moucheti, and Anopheles funesUts complex.. I wo tribes of mosquitoes: The Anophilis which arc vectors of human malaria and culicini of bird malaria • . as well their medical importance, are being discussed. Others are known today as dangerous vectors. The. //lain , difference being a simple feature of lliuir behaviour whether or not they-bile map i.e. anthropopldlic or animals i.c. ■ zoophilia Ho wever, there was no mean difference, in the distribution of mosquitoes specie in selected areas on the ./ox Plateau given that P<4.-26 (ANOVA~P<95 critical value) and there was a mean difference in the total . population of mosquitoes, collected in various pools in selected areas on l{le Jos Plateau given that P>3.6S iANOVA~P>95 critical value).
Open Access
Adherence Of Escherichia Coli To Urinary Catheter a function Of time, temperature and cell physiology
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2005-05-02) Ngwai, Y.B.; Ibrahim, K.; Ijele, I.G.
The in-vitro adhesion of Escherichia coli to urinary catheter was investigated by standard procedure Adhesion depended on time and temperature lower adhesion densities were observed when the contact time was only 2h or 6h.
Open Access
Adjusted-Program-Budget Marginal-Analysis for Student Development Activity Planning and Budget Allocation
(Department of Statistics, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2018-06-03) Maijamaa, Bilkisu; Muhammad, Engku Nazri
Setting priorities and making decisions on allocation and reallocation of university resources based on the direction of the university as translated in its strategic plan must be executed with transparency and accountability and will be of great importance. It is becoming even more crucial, particularly for universities in Malaysia with the recent budget cut imposed by the Malaysian government. In this paper, we proposed an implementation of Program-Budget Marginal-Analysis (PBMA) which is currently being employed for strategic budget planning in the health industry to be applied for the university strategic budget plan as part of the overall strategic planning process. Firstly, the similarities between the steps in PBMA with the steps involved in planning and executing the university strategic plan were studied. Next, the existing PBMA was adjusted and modeled to suit the needs of the steps involved in selecting and allocating budget for the students of UABC’s 2017 development activities. The outcome of this implementation using 0-1 integer programming model showed that the targeted achievements could be realized within the allocated budget that was provided by the university. This adjusted-PBMA will be useful and suitable to be implemented by organizations with key performance indicator-oriented programs and having limited budget allocation issues.
Open Access
Adoption of Cloud Computing in Higher Learning Institutions: A Systematic Review
(Department of Computer Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-09-10) Olanrewaju, Rashidah F.; Islam Khan, Burhan UI; Mueen, M. Islam Mattoo Islam UI
Objectives: The goal of this paper is to comprehend the significance of adopting Cloud Computing (CC) in establishments of higher learning. This paper plots a portion of the advantages that can be conveyed to advanced education using cloud computing, analyzes probably the most imperative difficulties that can be faced by the academia due to its adoption, and proposes some early strides towards its adoption while alleviating the risks involved. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This paper recognizes an expansiveness of institutional variables and CC appropriation procedures by including the diverse perspectives of sources from various backgrounds and contexts on a single phenomenon. The different aids and contributions in this paper are based on the consolidation of research works available in various papers. Findings: The discoveries from this analysis demonstrate that the adoption of CC in establishments of higher learning can be comprehended through a few factors that have an essential impact on CC adoption methodologies like administrative bodies and governments, internal stakeholders, cloud suppliers, firm attributes, socio-political changes, IT framework, and so on. Applications/ Improvements: This investigation offers open doors for future research besides giving an understanding into how cloud suppliers, advisors, governments, and scholastics see several market requests, and how they react to these demands while advancing services offered by CC in higher learning institutions. The consequences for practice can help decision makers in adopting services provided by CC legitimately.
Open Access
Age-Structured Transmission Dynamics Model for Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of HIV/AIDS
(Department of Mathematics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2008-01-06) Umar, Mallam Abdulkarim; Olowofeso, E.O.; Ademiluyi, R.A.
Transmission dynamics model for -HlV/AlDS, along the line of Mckendrick-Forester age-structured model is proposed with the natural mortality rate and the fertility functions assumed to bE age depended, similar, to Doma, Gurlin-MacCnmy definitions. The solution^ to the governing equations are obtained and the steady stales are examined for their local stability. The model is further extended to study the case of constant mortality . rate and an exponential type of interaction function. It is observed that the endemic steady'.exist, and. .. asymptotically stable.
Open Access
Age-Structures Epidemic Model for Transmission Dynamics of Tuberculosis
(Department of Mathematics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2007-02-02) Umar, Mallam Abdulkarim
Open Access
AIRBORNE MAGNETIC STUDY OF OTUKPO AREA
(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2014-09-14) Ogah, Vincent E.; Jatau, B.S.
The study is carried out in Otukpo area of Benue State, North central Nigeria. Geologically the area is underlain by Cretaceous sediments of the Benue Trough, mainly shales, sandstones and limestones. Aeromagnetic map of Otukpo was digitized, processed and interpreted for anomalies and causes of anomalies in the area. The airborne magnetic survey provided information about folding; the differential uplift of basement resulting from magmatic intrusions, gave rise to drape folds in the overlying sediments. Airborne anomaly indications have clearly defined large igneous bodies. These intrusive rocks of intermediate basic composition occur in the Santonian and Albian shales. Two layers of sedimentary features were observed. The average thickness for the first and second observed layers is 0.37km and 1.8km respectively. The Basement depth ranges from 3 to 8.2km. Calculated magnetic susceptibility contrast of the area was 0.073- 1.71 electromagnetic units. Areas of geological interest which are exploration targets were delineated. They include areas of broad magnetic intensity anomaly closures, which are zones of structural displacement associated with deep seated basement, areas of magmatic intrusions, dyke spots, fractures and fault zones. These structural studies may yield clues to the location of concealed mineral deposits.
Open Access
Aluminium and Zinc Concentrations in Raw and Roasted Fishes Wrapped with Foil consumed in Keffi Town, Nigeria
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-06-06) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Adam, N.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, B.Y.; Ubaoji, K.I.; Chukeze, E.J.; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi
Aluminum (Al) and Zinc (Zn) levels was compared in three commonly eaten fishes;, African cat fish (Herterobranchus longifilis), tilapia fish (Tilapia niloticus) and cat fish (Synodontis clarias) to ascertain leaching from foil wrappers leading to toxicity. The fishes were washed, wrapped in aluminum foil and stored in the refrigerator (40C) for 1.5 hr, some were roasted in the oven at about 1500C. The fishes were chopped (fresh and roasted) and then homogenized into slurry. The slurry were transferred into test tubes, centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and clear supernatant were collected aseptically and labeled (A1, 2, 3, B1, 2, 3 and C1, 2, 3). The condiments used were weighed about 800 g/850 – 1200 g per fish, grinded into slurry, with a blender. The slurry was further centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and the clear supernatant ascetically collected into clean test tubes (D1, 2, 3) and analyzed. Three cone shaped foil (E1, 2, 3) holding 10 ml of distilled water were allowed to stand for 3 hrs and carefully placed in an oven and heated (1200C) for 1.5 hr, was cooled and then analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian AA240). The results obtained showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in Al and Zn levels, possibly due to temperature and pH factors. The Al and Zn levels in the fish slurries was (0.127 ± 0.02 - 0.146 ± 0.03 mg/g) and (0.148 ± 0.03 – 0.180 ± 0.03 mg/g), respectively. These were extremely below WHO recommended value of 1mg/day and 15 mg/day for Al and Zn respectively. This study contradicts the media hype about toxic amount of Al and Zn leached into roasted fish in foil wrappers. Hence, the amount of Al and Zn in the tested species of fish are below the acceptable WHO value and thus, not poisonous.
Open Access
Amelioration of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by aqueous seed extract of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) in albino rats
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-31) Bamidele, Titilayo O.; Enemali, Okey Michael; Isaiah, Nyshir; Haruna, Sunday Gambo
Plants being a reservoir of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potentials have been the source of raw materials for pharmaceutical industries. The present research investigated the phytochemical constituents and the ameliorating effects of aqueous seed extract of Carica. papaya on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Thirty rats weighing between 200g – 280g were randomly distributed into five groups of six rats each. Various doses of 5g/kg/12hr of 20% ethanol per day and (100, 200, 400) mg/kg/day oral doses of the extract were administered for 14 days, to groups C, D and E respectively. Group A took neither ethanol nor extract, while group B was given alcohol without the extract. The animals were sacrificed and biochemical parameters determined following standard protocols. Results showed that the significant increase (p<0.05) in serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and altered electrolytes concentration were reversed by the extract. The hepatic architecture was also preserved. It can be concluded that the extract has potential protective effects on the liver and kidney against ethanol-induced toxicity.
Open Access
The Ameliorative Roles of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in Sars-Cov-2 (Covid-19) and Respiratory Diseases: A Review
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-11-30) Nweze, C.C.; Muhammad, Yusuf B.; Haruna, Sunday Gambo
Vitamin C and D can decrease the risks associated with viral infections by regulating the body’s immune system and response against viral activities and decrease the risks and virulence of severe viral respiratory tract infections. Research and experience have shown that Vitamin C is a possible therapy for SARS-CoV-2 because vitamin C has a promising role in maintaining proper body functions and also helps in removing damaged reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin C is needed in an adequate amount for proper immune function and stability which is a panacea for combating the scourge of infectious agents such as SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). Vitamin D has also been shown to ameliorate and cushion the risk of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) via several metabolic mechanisms and pathways: adequate concentrations of vitamin D in cells can decrease the amount and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are predominantly released from innate immune cells. In the base membrane, vitamin D helps to preserve tight junctions. Adequate plasma levels of vitamin D can eliminate protein-enveloped viruses with cathelicidin (a polypeptide which is mainly expresses in neutrophils macrophages, epithelial cells) activation. These processes can reduce the risk of a cytokine storm which often results to severe pneumonia. Clinical trials prove that elevated amount of 1, 25(OH) vitamin D derivative will potentially decrease the risk of viral pneumonia, dengue fever, hepatitis B, C and herpes infections. Thus, multivitamins C, D could play a pivotal role as curative agents against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections
Open Access
Amino Acid Profile and Vitamin C Content of Selected Condiments Used as Thickeners in Soup Preparation
(Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-07-30) Lawal, Halimatu Sadiya; Madu, Paschal Chima; Opaluwa, O.D.; Mohammed, Y.
This study aimed to analyze the amino acid profile and determine the vitamin C content of the condiments named Detarium microcarpum (DM), Cissus populnea (CP), Grewia mollis (GW) and Parkia biglobosa (PB). Study Design: The condiments obtained from Gwagwa market, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja were used for this study to analyze and determine the amino acid profile and vitamin C content. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Abuja, Nigeria at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development [NIPRD], from February 2020 to September 2020. Methodology: The amino acid profile of the condiments was analyzed using methods described by (Maria et al., 2004). The samples were dried to constant weight, defatted, hydrolyzed, evaporated in a rotary evaporator and loaded into the Applied Biosystems PTH Amino Acid Analyzer while the Ascorbic acid content of the condiments was determined by titration method. Result: The result indicated that non- essential amino acids are higher in concentration in all the samples (PB - 33.77, DM - 27.51, GM - 18.21 and CO - 25.86) compared to the essential amino acids (PB -27.16, DM - 19.46, GM - 1 6.47 and CO - 22.38) and semi-essential amino acid (PB - 22.22, DM - 16.59, GM - 9.64, CO - 14.01). Among the essential amino acids, leucine is the predominant acid, while glutamic, aspartic acids were found to be the major non-essential amino acids in the samples. High concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid valine, alanine and leucine predominate in all the samples analyzed. The sample Parkia biglobosa has the highest concentration of vitamin C with 0.3 mg/L followed by Detarium Microcarpum 0.18 mg/L, Grewia Mollis 0.12 mg/L and Cissus populnea 0.11 mg/L. Conclusion: Results indicate that these condiments contained amino acids in appropriate quantities that can serve as supplementary potential sources of essential amino acids to man and appreciable amount of vitamin C
Open Access
Analysis and Interpretation of Lineaments for Evaluation of Groundwater Potential in Shendam and Environs, North Central Nigeria
(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-07-05) Abusu, C.O.; Ma'aji, U.M.; Ancho, M.I.; Iliya, M.M.
This study was done to evaluate the groundwater potentials of Shendamand environs using lineaments analysis. The trends of field joints weremeasured during mapping and using satellite remote sensing to generate lineament. The area is underlain by crystalline basement rocks of biotite granite, mediumgrain granite, and syenite. Assessment was carried out to depict the possibility of groundwater occurrence in the area. LANDSAT ETM+ imagery was used, together with the geological map to investigate areas favorable for groundwater development. This was achieved by plotting the lineament trends, superimposing the lineament on the geological map, superimposing the lineament on the drainage map, furthermore by plotting densitymap to know the groundwater potentials of the area. Lineament was used in drawing the respective rose diagrams for each rock type. Structurally, the area is characterized by a predominant NE to SW trend which also affects or controls drainage and groundwater occurrence with major groundwater recharge areas trending NE- SW of the study area. Analyses have shown that the study area has numerous fractures whose major trends are mainly in NE-SW directions. Lineament density maps shows the cross-cutting lineaments to be relatively high in the areas around the northeastern to southwestern parts of the study area but low in the other areas. Zones of high lineament intersection density are feasible zones for groundwater prospecting
Open Access
Analysis and Interpretation of Lineaments for Evaluation of Groundwater Potential in Shendam and Environs, North Central Nigeria
(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2021-01-01) Abusu, C.O.; Ma'aji, U.M.; Ancho, M.I.; Iliya, M.M.
This study was done to evaluate the groundwater potentials of Shendamand environs using lineaments analysis. The trends of field joints weremeasured during mapping and using satellite remote sensing to generate lineament. The area is underlain by crystalline basement rocks of biotite granite, mediumgrain granite, and syenite. Assessment was carried out to depict the possibility of groundwater occurrence in the area. LANDSAT ETM+ imagery was used, together with the geological map to investigate areas favorable for groundwater development. This was achieved by plotting the lineament trends, superimposing the lineament on the geological map, superimposing the lineament on the drainage map, furthermore by plotting densitymap to know the groundwater potentials of the area. Lineament was used in drawing the respective rose diagrams for each rock type. Structurally, the area is characterized by a predominant NE to SW trend which also affects or controls drainage and groundwater occurrence with major groundwater recharge areas trending NE- SW of the study area. Analyses have shown that the study area has numerous fractures whose major trends are mainly in NE-SW directions. Lineament density maps shows the cross-cutting lineaments to be relatively high in the areas around the northeastern to southwestern parts of the study area but low in the other areas. Zones of high lineament intersection density are feasible zones for groundwater prospecting.
Open Access
Analysis of Agriculture and Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria using First Diﬀerence Regression Model
(Department of Statistics, Nasarawa Sate University Keffi., 2016-08-09) Adenomon, Monday Osagie
The dwindling oil price in the international market reveals the fact that the Nigerian economy need to be diversiﬁed to develop the non-oil sector, of which agriculture is an example of the non-oil sector. It well reported in the literature that agriculture in Nigeria is a major sector of the economy, providing employment for about 70% of the population. This paper examines the relationship between agriculture and GDP in Nigeria using data from 1960 to 2014. Annual data for agriculture and GDP was extracted from CBN Statistical Bulletin. The ADF test revealed that agriculture and GDP variables are stationary at ﬁrst diﬀerence. The evidence from bound testing and Johansen cointegration test revealed that agriculture and GDP variables are not cointegrated. Lastly, evidence from ﬁrst diﬀerence revealed that 1% increase in the change of agriculture leads to about 90.86% increase in the change of GDP. This paper recommends that in this period of fall in oil price, investment that will grow the agricultural sector should be encouraged so as to enhance economic growth.
Open Access
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN SOIL AFFECTED BY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM MECHANIC VILLAGE IN KEFFI NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(Department of Geography, Nasarawa State State University Keffi, 2019-03-06) Makpo, James Kpuk; Asarya, A.; Muhammad, A.
This paper discussed soil properties, heavy metals and their concentration in the soil samples from two selected areas of auto mechanic workshops and the University campus at a depth of 0-15cm. 5g of soil from each of the four samples collected, was crushed with mortar and pestle and diluted into liquid with HNO3 & HCI using X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The result revealed the control soil had more sand percentage of (67%) and moisture (5.30%) than the affected soil and other physicochemical properties higher in the affected soil sample than the control soils sample. pH'(H20) (6.6), pH (CaCI2) (5.7) CEC (9.1 mol/kg), OM, (5.6%), Clay (3.97), PSD (7.2 mg/kg). Concentration of heavy metals revealed that Si (12423.707), Al (8855.606), Mg (4405.253), Ca (1777.265) & ti (1794.039) were in the control sample. In the affected sample, Fe (4837.824±), P (268.227j, Cl (133.350), Ni (10.576), Cu (10.938), Co (21.307), Zn (129.885), Mn (141.365), Sr (3598.444) & S (1413.349). The high concentration of heavy metals jn the mechanic village will adversely affect the plants and animals in the area. It carf'^isp!-.result in damage of nervous system, kidney, skin irritation and hypertension:’"It was'''recommended that substances containing heavy metals should not be disposed in farm lands or any dumpsites close to residential areas.
Open Access
Analysis of Liver Function Biomarkers and Histopathology in Plasmodium Berghei-Infected Albino Mice Treated with Sodium Bicarbonate
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-09-07) Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Okey, Enemali M.; Isiah, Achimugu I.; Ali, Andafu T.; Jimoh, Yusuf Z.; Nweze, Chibuzo C.
Malaria still remains an endemic disease especially in Sub-saharan Africa. The current study was aimed at evaluating liver function biomarkers and histology in albino mice following their infection with Plasmodium berghei and treated with Sodium Bicarbonate. Twenty mice were divided into five groups of four each. Groups 1; normal control, group 2; infected with P. berghei, untreated, groups 3, 4, 5; infected, treated 84mg/kg NaHCO3 once, twice and thrice respectively. Blood samples and liver were collected for analysis of liver function biomarkers and histopathology by standard procedures. AST was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 5 (13.33±0.707) when compared to the control (11.33±0.707). ALP activity increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 5 (11.76±0.707) when compared to the control (10.29±0.707). Total protein increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the test groups; 2 (4.29±0.007), 3 (4.09±0.007), 4 (4.46±0.007) and 5 (4.65±0.007) when compared to the control (4.05±0.007). Albumin increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the test groups; 2 (3.58±0.007), 3 (3.76±0.007), 4 (3.61±0.007) and 5 (3.58±0.007) compared to the control (3.57±0.007). Total bilirubin concentration significantly (p<0.05) decreased in groups 3 (0.42±0.007), 4 (0.47±0.007) and 5 (0.48±0.007) compared to the control. Direct bilirubin concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups 4 (0.20±.007) and 5 (0.22±.007) compared to the control (0.15±.007). Photomicrograph images showed inflammation in group 2; infected, not treated. Sodium bicarbonate did not play ameliorative role against plasmodium berghei infected liver.
Open Access
Analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable for some fiber plants in Northern Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-25) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; George, Olawale Adedoyin; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
Increasing demand for transmission capacity due to digital revolution is causing an increasing demand for optical fiber systems. However, as bit-error-rate (BER) increases the fiber optic cable signal quality becomes degraded, causing signal delays, jitters, poor quality of service, packet loss, link outage, etc. In this study, the analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable was carried out using the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), network monitoring system (NMS) and CACTI (V 1.1.38). Various OTDR traces were carried out to determine the loss levels in the fiber cores. Similarly, using the NMS, the actual link losses were calculated and compared with the loss budget to derive the link loss margin of the links; with a benchmark loss margin of 5 dB, high and low loss levels were determined. Lastly, bandwidth utilization was carried out using network graphical solution software (CACTI, V 1.1.38). The results show that, from the OTDR traces, 60% of the tested fiber cores had high losses at the spliced joints, whereas the analysis of the NMS shows 41.7% high losses. The bandwidth utilization analysis shows a reduction in fiber link availability by 8.3%. This work has revealed the different loss levels in the tested fiber cores with high loses leading to increase in BER which negatively impacts the optimum usability of a link. Therefore, maintaining a low and within-budget loss level is very essential for efficient signal transmission and optimization of the fiber optic cable for both manufacturers and the end users.
Open Access
Analysis of Packet Reordering Delay for Bandwidth Aggregation in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
(Department of Computer Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-07-06) Anwar, Farhat; Masud, Mosharrof H.; Islam Khan, Burhan UI; Olanrewaju, Rashidah F.; Latif, Suhaimi A.
Bandwidth aggregation in heterogeneous wireless networks (HWN) can be one of the effective solutions in providing quality data transmission for real-time applications. However, transmitting the data through multiple networks create packet reordering issues that result in transmission delay and degrades the overall quality of services. This paper addresses packet reordering issues both for single and multiple paths with a reordering delay in the transmission system. An algorithm has proposed to mitigate the associated delay that has been simulated in network simulator 3 (NS3). The simulation results have benchmarked with the well known Earliest Delivery Path First (EDPF) method and shown better performance over the EDPF results. Moreover, the simulation has been done to analyze the packet scheduling including to measuring packet reordering delay, and reordering entropy. CBR and VBR applications have been transmitted for 1800ms from sender to receiver in a heterogeneous wireless environment created in NS3. The results show the proposed method achieved to reduce the reordering delay and reordering entropy both for CBR and VBR applications.