Thesis and Dissertations

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Open Access
ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PATHOTYPES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN DIARRHEIC PATIENTS IN KEFFI, NIGERIA
(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2016-10-12) Abimiku, Rejoice Helma.
Escherichia coli(E. coli)is among the pathogens that cause diarrhea both in developed and developing countries.The isolation and molecular characterization of pathotypes of E. coli causing diarrhea in Keffi, Nigeria was carried out. A total of fifty (50) stool samples were collected from patients suspected to have diarrhea attending General Hospital, Keffi and Federal Medical Centre, Keffi,Nigeria;E. coli was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods. The molecular characterization of different pathotypes of E. coli such as enteroaggregativeE. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasiveE. coli (EIEC), enterohemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC), enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) was carried out using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Out of 50 stool samples from diarrheic patients, 50 (100%) of E. coli was isolated. The order of detection frequency of different pathotypes of E. coli was: EAEC (22.0%) > EIEC and ETEC (2.0%)> EHEC and EPEC were (0.0%). The order of detection frequency of EAEC in relation to age (in years) was: 6-10 (50.0%) > 11-15 (40.0%) > 16-20 (20.0%) > 0-5 (17.2%). The frequency of detection of ETEC was 3.4% in age 0-5 and EIEC was 20.0% in age 11-15. The order of detection frequency of EAEC was high in female (36.4%) than male (10.7%) respectively. The EIECwas detected only in male (2.0%) and ETEC was detected only in female (2.0%). The frequency of detection of EAEC in relation to age and gender of diarrheic patients was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The frequency of detection of EAEC was high. In addition EHEC and EPEC were not detected. Further studies on DNA sequencing for pathotypes of diarrheagenicE. coliin Keffi and other parts of Nasarawa State should be carried out.
Open Access
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PLASMID PROFILE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM DOOR HANDLES IN TWO TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(2016-11-11) Tsaku, Paul Alumbugu.
Contamination of door handles with antibiotic resistant bacteria can be a major threat to public health, as the antibiotic resistant determinants can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria thus, compromising the treatment of severe bacterial infections. Escherichiacolia harmless commensal and a versatile pathogen,has been known to develop or acquire resistance to a variety of antibiotics by different mechanisms. Thus this study therefore isolatedE. coli from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi and Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa and determined their susceptibilities to currently prescribed antibiotics using standard microbiological procedures. A total of 62 E. coli were isolated out of 200 door handles sampled and their susceptibilities to ten different commonly used antibiotics were determined. All the isolates had 87 – 100% resistance to all tested antibiotics with the highest susceptibility (13%) exhibited to only Gentamicin and Imipenem. Thirty-two of the isolates have Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 1.0 and 21(65.6%) of them produced β-lactamase enzymes. Thirteen (59.09%) of the multiple antibiotics resistant E. coli isolates transferred resistance plasmidProteus mirabilisvia conjugation. Electrophoresis of plasmid DNA in the test multi-antibiotics resistant E. coli isolates showed varying number of plasmids with molecular weights ranging between 1200 and 3000 base pairs. This study has shown that multi-antibiotic resistance genes from test E. coli could be transmitted to pathogenic bacteria which can result in serious health hazard. Thus, improved hygiene practices should be encouraged and constant microbiological surveillance of door handles in these higher institutions should be encouraged to determine effective antibiotics to solve the health hazard that may arise from E. coli infections.
Open Access
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PLASMID PROFILE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI FROM DOOR HANDLES IN TWO TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(Department of Mass Communication, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2016-11-11) Mohammed, Sidi Alhaji.
Contamination of door handles with antibiotic resistant pathogens is a major threat to public health and the prospect of transferring these multiple antibiotics resistance traits by enterobacteria like Salmonellae to other bacterial pathogens calls for more public health concerns. This study therefore isolated Salmonella typhi from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi and Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa and determined its antibiotics susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile. One hundred door handles from each of the two institutions, making 200 in total were sampled and 36(18.00%) Salmonella typhi were isolated. The isolates were 100% resistant to 7 out of the 10 antibiotics tested. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) study on selected multiple antibiotics resistant isolates showed that the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics in the following order: Imipenem = Ciprofloxacin > Ceftazidime > Cefuroxime > Ampicillin > Nitrofurantoin. Fourteen (38.89%) of the multiple antibiotic resistant isolates produced beta lactamase enzymes. Conjugation experiment on the multiple antibiotics resistant S. typhi isolates showed that 7(18.42%) of the test S. typhi isolates transferred resistance plasmid gene to sensitive Proteus mirabilis and the MICs of the recipients increased significantly after conjugation. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the transconjugants and the donors showed the presence of plasmid of different sizes ranging from 1600 to 2500 base pairs in both donor multiple antibiotics resistant S. typhi and transconjugants P. mirabilis. The hazardous medical implications of this resistant plasmids transfer are discussed in this report.
Open Access
THE PREVALENCE OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING SOME HOSPITALS IN KEFFI METROPOLIS NIGERIA
(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2016-11-18) Anzaku, Samuel
In this study, 20mls of clean early morning mid-stream catch urine samples were collected from 200 patients in four selected hospitals in Keffi metropolis. With the assistance of their medical personnel’ basic epidemiological information was obtained through constructed questionnaires. The sedimentation method was used and the sediment transferred onto clean grease free glass slide, and examined microscopically. Of the 200 samples (130 males and 70 females), 39(19.5%) were infected with Schistosoma haematobium, out of which males had a prevalence of 14.6% compared to 28.6% among females. The statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference (P 0. 05) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among males and females. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in relation to age showed that ages 21-30 years had the highest rate (31.8%). The statistical analysis also revealed a significant difference (P 0.05) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among the 4 hospitals in the study area. Prevalence of S. haematobiun infection in relation to occupation of Business, civil service, fishing, farming and Artisanship was highest among fishing (32.4%) followed by farming (26.3%), civic service (21.4%) Business (14.3%) lowest was in Artisanship (10.3%) Statistically there was significant association (P ≤ 0.05) between occupation and infection. The prevalence of S. haematobriun in relation to source of water was high (29.8%) in River/stream followed by ponds (25.0%), wells (14.0%) Borehole (13.3%) and lowest in pipe borne (11.1%) However statically the association was significant (P ≤0.05) The prevalence of the infection relation to the types of toilet facility available in homes of patients shows that highest prevalence (24.7%) was observed in patients homes where bush is used. Statistical analysis shows that there is significant association (P ≤ 0.05) in the type of toilet facility in home of patient and the infection.
Open Access
PREVALENCE OF HIV AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL IN SOMESELECTED HEALTH FACILITIES IN KEFFI METROPOLIS
(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-01-11) Ekom, Peter.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was discovered in 1993 (two years after the disease AIDS was described) when Barre-Sinous; montagnier and colleague at the institute Pasteur, Paris, France isolated the virus from the T-Cells of a patient with generalized lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAN), now HIV. In the same year, Robert Gallo and colleagues, working at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) USA made a similar discovery in their quest to find the cancer-causing virus. An HIV infected person is someone who has the virus that causes AIDS and may or may not know that he/she is infected but can transmit the virus to another person. A total of 200 pregnant women were used for this research work from five selected Health facilities in Keffi metropolis. Blood sample were obtained from the women that came for the antenatal and HIV Rapid Kits test was used for the test. Data were analyzed using SPP version 2.80 Pearson Chi.
Open Access
PREVALENCE OF RIFAMPICIN RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AMONG HIV/AIDS PATIENTS ATTENDING SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE.
(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-01-12) Salihu, Gambo Moses.
Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) are the two most effective bactericidal agents in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) and, hence, is the cornerstone of present day TB therapy. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a serious threat to global control initiatives. This study set out to evaluate the prevalence of rifampicin resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV/AIDS Patients. Prior to the study, ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained and structured questionnaires were administered. In a cross-sectional prospective study, Sputum samples were obtained from HIV/AIDS patients accessing healthcare in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa State. Resistance to rifampicin and prevalence of TB were then detected with GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay machine (Xpert; Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) following Standard Operating Procedure among the subjects. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0, and P Value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Out of the 503 sputum samples collected, 310(61.6%) were female and 193(38.4%) were male. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and rifampicin resistance were; 70 (13.9 %) and 15 (21.4%) respectively. The prevalence of MTB among HIV/AIDS patient in relation to gender was high in male (16.1%) than female (12.6%), high in those aged 38 - 47 years (17.3%) than 48-57 years (16.7%), high in rural dwellers (16.7%) than urban dwellers (12.2%), high among retirees (23.8%) than students (15.3%) and high among those with tertiary level of education (14.4%) than those with primary or secondary education; although these did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). Age, gender, Locations, Occupation, and educational level did not significantly influence the prevalence of TB (p > 0.05). However, TB-HIV co-infected who were female and married were more likely to develop drug resistance against rifampicin (P < 0.05). These findings have important implications for TB drug resistance and the control of TB, especially among high-risk groups.
Open Access
EXTENDED SPECTRUM ᵦ -LACTAMASE PRODUCTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM VEGETABLES SOLD IN KEFFI METEROPOLIS, NIGERIA
(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-01-20) Abdul, Rajab Hadiza
Vegetables have been recognized as a possible source of transmission of food borne pathogenic Escherichia coli. (E. coli) studies on extended spectrum ᵦ-lactamase production in Escherichia coli isolated from vegetables sold in Keffi metropolis, Nigeria was carried out. A total of (54) vegetable samples such as lettuce (Lactiva sativa), spinach (spnianacia), ugu (pumki) and cabbage from Keffi, market within the metropolis, were collected and E. coli was isolated and identified from sample using standard microbiological method. The antibiotics susceptibility test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of cefotaxime and ceftazidime against some ᵦ -lactam resistance isolates were carried out and interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The ᵦ -lactamase (ESBL) production in resistance E. coli were isolates was carried out using standard method. Out of 54 samples of vegetable obtained, the rate of isolation of E. coli from vegetables were; lettuce (64.3%), cabbage (12.0%), spinach (26.7%) and ugu (12.0%) respectively. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates to antibiotics tested were; ampicillin (78.9%), Augmentin (94.7%), cephalexin (78.9%), Gentamicin (100%), septrin (100%), streptomycin (100%) respectively. The MICs of ceftazidime and cefotaxime ranges from: (ceftazidime 32.0-256.0 μg/ml), (cefotaxime 4.0-128.0 μg/ml). 100% of ampicillin and cephalexin resistance E. coli. Isolates were resistance to both ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Out of 9 E. coli isolates resistance both cefotaxime and ceftazidime, none of the isolates was positive for ESBL production. The E. coli isolates from vegetables were more susceptible to as to all the antibiotic tested with exception of cefotaxime and ceftazidime, in addition, none of the isolates were ESBL producers. Hence further study on molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance E. coli isolates from vegetables in the study area should be carried out.
Open Access
PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITES AMONG INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPs) IN KUTARA CAMP, MASAKA KARU LGA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2017-06-04) Ayuba, Kwarmba
A total of 166 stool samples collected from internally displaced persons (IDPs) in kutara campmasakakaru L.G.A of Nasarawa State and were examined for intestinal parasitic infection, A total of 86(51.8%) were infected with eight different parasites (A lumbricoides, S. mansoni, H. nana,jS. stercoralis, Hookworm, E.vermicularis, E. histolytica, G. lamblia) with E, histolytica(18.7%) recording the highest prevalence. Those of age group 41 and above recorded highest prevalence while the least was recorded among the age group of 31- 40 years. In relation to occupational status, Traders had the highest prevalence (100%) while civil servants accounted for least prevalence (33.3%). Males had higher prevalence ( 54.5%) than females (49.4%). For mixed infections, triple infections (61.5%) occurred most frequently followed by double infections (30.8%). Those who do not wash their hands always after defecation had the highest prevalence of infection with (80%) while the least infection was recorded among those who wash their hands after defecation (38.7%). Chi -square test (p < 0.05) reveals that there is significance difference in relation to occupational status, age group, sex, sources of water, and toilets facilities among the people. Further research on prevalence of intestinal parasites need to be carried in other to eliminate the parasites in the study area.
Open Access
INCIDENCE OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENY VIRUS (HIV) IN PERSONS ACCESING HEALTH CARE FACILITY, IN NIPRD, IDU, FEDRAL CAPITAL TERRITORY
(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-06-12) Usoroh, Chinwe Mary.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a major public health issue globally. Study on Incidence of HIV among clients accessing health care in National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) Idu, Abuja was carried out. A total of 402 blood samples were collected and HIV antibody was screened from the samples using standard rapid test kit method. Out of 402 samples collected, the incidence of HIV among the persons was 119 (29.6%). The order of incidence of HIV among persons relation to age were; >60yrs (42.9%), 31-40yrs (39.8%), 41-50yrs (33.9%), 51-60yrs (33.3%), 21-30yrs (24.0%), 11-20yrs (22.6%) and 1-10yrs (12.5%) respectively. The incidence of HIV in relation to gender was high in females (32.5%) than in males (26.9%). In relation to marital status, the incidence of HIV was high in married (34.4%) than the single (25.6%). The order of incidence of HIV among persons assessing healthcare facilities in relation to occupation were; farmers (37.5%), others (34.8%), business (32.8%), students (16.2%) and civil servants (12.5%) respectively. The incidence of HIV in the study group in relation to awareness was high among those without awareness of HIV (34.3%) than those with awareness of HIV (27.0%). The incidence of HIV among persons in the study group were statistically significant (p<0.05) for gender and occupation but statistically insignificant (p>0.05) for age, marital status and awareness respectively. The incidence of HIV was high. Further studies on strain variation of HIV among persons accessing the health care facility in NIPRD, Idu, Abuja and other part of the country should be carried out.
Open Access
PREVALENCE OF URINARY CANDIDIASIS AMONG STUDENTS OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI
(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-07-13) Kaigama, Istifanus Salome.
Open Access
Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department of Microbilog Nasarawa state University keffi, 2017-09-04) Tama, Uudhir Caleb; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.
.Escherichia coli (E. coli) is among the pathogens that occurs naturally in the intestinal tract of animals and is known to cause diarrhea in humans both in developed and developing countries. The detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from poultry droppings from selected poultry farms in Keffi, Nigeria was investigated. Poultry droppings were collected from farms in Keffi, Nigeria, and Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Out of seventy-five (75) samples of poultry droppings obtained, 100% E. coli were isolated. The susceptibilities of the isolates in decreasing order with antibiotics is as follows: imipenems (82.1%), gentamicin (80.3%), cefoxitin (66.1%), cefotaxime (58.9%), ceftazidime (57.1%) and ciprofloxacin (51.7%), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (41.3%), streptomycin (7.1%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (5.3%), Ampicillin (1.7%). The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AMP-SXT-S (10.6%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) observed was 0.4 and 0.5 with frequencies of occurrence being 12 and 13 respectively. Out of 34 E. coli isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime antibiotics, 23 (30.6%) were confirmed ESBL producers. The order of percentage occurrence of ESBL genes in confirmed ESBL producing E. coli isolates were; blaSHV (95.4%), followed by blaTEM (68.1%) and blaCTX-M (50%). The E. coli isolates were more susceptible to imipenems, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin and all the isolates were MAR. In addition, blaSHV gene was the most common ESBL gene detected in confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. The results further strengthens the assertion from studies in other places that poultry droppings are also reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli and are probably involved in the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli to other birds and humans. Further studies on isolation and characterization of ESBL enzymes from ESBL-producing isolates from poultry in Keffi, Nigeria should be carried out
Open Access
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SECOND HAND FOOT WEARS SOLD IN KARU MARKET, NASSARAWA STATE AND WUSE MARKET, FCT ABUJA
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2017-11-01) Nwankwo, Oyinye Egonnaya
A study was carried out to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria and fungi associated with the second hand foot wears sold in Karu market and Wuse market, FCT Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 60 swab samples which comprised of 6 each were collected from the foot wears categorized into; industrial boot, foot ball boot, canvas, shoes and sandal. The result showed that mean total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 1.60 x 105 to 7.30 x 105(cfu/cm2), total coliform count 1.10 x 105 to 2.30 x 105(cfu/cm2), total faecal coliform count 0.00 to 1.10 x 105 (cfu/cm2) and total fungal count 1.30 x 105to 3.20 x 105(cfu/cm2). Predominant bacteria species identified were; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. A total 5 fungi species; Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans were identified.. Percentage occurrence of bacteria isolated from second hand foot wears revealed that Bacillus cereus had and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest frequency of 15(25.00%) each, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 7(11.67%) while Streptococcus pneumonia 4(6.67%) was the least occurred. On the other hand, fungi distribution showed that Aspergillus niger 15(25.00%) was the highest followed by Mucor spp 11(18.33%), Candida albicans 8(13.33%), Penicillium citrinum 5(8.33%) and the least was Trichophyton rubrum 3(5.00%). The antibiotics susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least susceptible followed by the Bacillus cereus however, Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible. In descending order, Perfloxacin> Ciprofloxacin> Streptomycin > Gentamicin were observed to be active against the bacterial isolates. These results demonstrate that the second hand foot wears can be colonized by microorganisms that are potential vehicles for infections and thus pose a great risk to human health. The resistance of bacterial isolates to the various classes of antibiotics raises a serious public health concern.
Open Access
MOLECULAR DETECTION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE RESISTANCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM URINE OF PATIENTS ATTENDING FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NIGERIA
(Department of microbilogy, Nasarawa state University keffi, 2017-12-03) Gabi, Grace Akwashiki
Studies on molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene in E. coli from urine of patients in Federal Medical Centre Keffi; Nigeria was carried out. A total of three hundred and thirty eight (338) urine samples of patients with suspected cases urinary tract infection (UTI) were collection and E. coli was isolated and identified from urine samples; using standard microbiological method. Antibiotic susceptibility test for the isolates was carried out using clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) method.The ESBL production in E. coli isolates jointly resistance to both cefotaxime and ceftazidime was carried out using double disk synergy test (DDST). The molecular detection of ESBL genes (SHV, TEM and CTX-M) in phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing isolates was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Of 338 urine samples of patients obtained, the frequency of detection of E. coli isolates was 48(14.2%). The frequency of detection of E. coli was high in age group 31-45yrs [20.4%] but low in the age group 16-30yrs respectively. The occurrence of E .coli in urine of patients in relation to gender was higher in female (16.1%) than male (11.5%). The occurrence of E. coli isolates were statistically insignificant (p>0.05) in respective of the age and gender of patient in the suspected UTI. The E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to imipenem (95.8%) and gentamicin (85.4%). Out of 17(35.4%) E. coli isolates jointly resistance to both cetoxime and ceftazidime, 12(70.6%) were confirmed ESBL producers and the occurrence of ESBL genes were; SHV (91.7%), TEM (83.3%) and CTX-M (75%) respectively. The E. coli isolates were more susceptible to imipenem and gentamicin. Further studies on molecular characterization of ESBL genes as well as others antibiotics resistance genes in E. coli using UTI in Keffi, Nigeria should be carried out
Open Access
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICRORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH DUMPSITES IN KEFFI MUNICIPAL.
(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2017-12-12) Oyetunji, Emmanuel
A total of 15 soil samples were collected from five different waste-dumpsites. Standard methods were used to isolate and identify viable bacteria and fungi from the samples. The bacteria isolated from the waste dump soil were Bacillus sp, Microccus sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia sp. Only Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas aeroginosa were isolated from all the stations. The fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor sp, Pencillium sp and Trichoderma viridae. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Mucor sp were the most common fungi with percentage frequency of 100% degradation potential of these isolates is herby recommended for further studies.
Open Access
PREVALENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND CANDIDA SPECIES IN URINE OF PATIENTS ATTENDING FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, KEFFI, NIGERIA
(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2018-02-09) Enupe, Anaga Jerry
This project examines the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp in urine among patients attending Federal Medical Centre, Keffi. Samples of urine were collected from 148 patients attending Federal Medical Center, Keffi and examined for pathogenic organisms. The total number of 148 urine sample was collected and examined. Out of these samples, 76(51.4%) had at least one organism and 72(48.6%) had none. The organisms isolated include Staphylococcus aureus 12(8.1%) and Candida spp which had the highest prevalence 64(43.2). The age group 15-29 years had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus 8(15.4%) and Candida spp 64(43.2%). In relation to gender, the female gender had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus 4(16.3%) and Candida spp 55(68%). In relation to the type of toilet used, the pit toilet had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus 4(50.0%) and Candida spp 6(75.0%). In relation to the level of education, non-educated had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus 2(16.7%) and Candida spp 9(75.0%). In relation to marital status, married patients had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus 8(8.2%) and Candida spp 6(36.0%). However, prevalence of urinary Candida spp was higher than Staphylococcus aureus among patients attending Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria. In age, gender, type of toilet used, marital status and level of education may not be necessarily be a factor for prevalence of urinary Candida spp and Staphylococcus aureus since the prevalence rate in relation to the factors maintained were statistically insignificant.
Open Access
PRODU CTION OF XANTHAN GUM USING XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS ISOLATED FROM THE LEAVES OF SOME PLANT IN KEFFI, NIGERIA
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-04-04) Agbonkhese, Paulina Ejemen
Xanthan gum is a microbial exopolysaccharide produced by Xanthamonas campestris from sugar fermentation. Studies on production of xanthan gum using Xanthamos campestris isolated from some plant leaves (Mango,Orange,Rice,Melon and Sugar cane) in Keffi Nigeria was carried out. Leaves samples from five (5) different plant species growing in Keffi, were collected and X. campestris were isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Xanthan gum was produced and analyzed using the Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. X. campestris count was higher in sample of Mango leaves (4.0x107cfu/g) and the lowest count was sample of Rice leaves (1.8x107cfu/g). The Optimum conditions for xanthan gum production in the fermentation media were Time [72 hours (1.05 g/l)], Temperature [30ºC (2.12 g/l)], pH [6.0 (0.9 g/l)], Substrate concentration [10 %( 1.00g/l)] respectively. The yield of biomass was found to be highest in X.campestris isolated from sugar cane leaves (4.12 g/l) but lowest in X.campestris isolated from rice leaves (2.22 g/l) while the xanthan gum produced was highest in X.campestris isolated from orange leaves (1.9 g/l). Four sets of fermentation media (formulated sweet potato peel, glucose, maltose and sucrose) were prepared as the four different carbon source used in this investigation. There is need to make further studies that would lead pilot-scale production of xanthan gum for commercial purposes in Nigeria
Open Access
BIOSORPTION OF MANGANESE BY Bacillus subtilis AND Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM WASTE DUMP SITE
(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2018-05-31) Fawehinmi, Oluseye Moronfayo
In the present study, we isolated and assessed the biosorption of manganese by Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from waste dump site. The abilities of the organisms to take up manganese were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The organisms were isolated using standard microbiological culture techniques. The results showed that there was higher sorption rate at temperature 37oC than at 25oC. The biosorption percentage was highest at pH 5 for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis with percentage biosorption of 80.4% and 75.2% respectively. The optimum pH for manganese biosorption was found to be 5. The percentage biosorption increases from pH 1to 5 and thereafter decreased from 6 to 9.Percentage biosorption for Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 37oC was 89.5% and at 25oC was 69.7%. Also, percentage biosorption for Bacillus subtilis at 37oC gave 78.4% while at 25oC, 58.3%was achieved. It was observed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a higher uptake than Bacillus subtilis. One-Way ANOVA test was used in this study as statistical analysis. One-Way ANOVA test for manganese biosorption by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in days has the F-value of 0.0430, P-value of 0.0507 and the treatment degree of freedom (df) of 3 while for Bacillus subtilis has the F-value of 12.1876, the P-value of 0.0024 and the treatment degree of freedom (df) of 3. The effect of pH on percentage (%) manganese biosorption by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis has the P-value of F-value of 2.0558, 0.5005 and the treatment degree of freedom (df) of 1. The effect of temperature on percentage biosorption of manganese by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis has the F-value of 0.3747, P-value of 1.8743 and the treatment degree (df) of 1. The use of these microorganisms with modifications using biotechnology for biosorption of heavy metals should be encouraged.
Open Access
PRODUCTION OF YOGHURT FROM MILK EXTRACT OF TIGER-NUT (CYPERUS ESCULENTUS) USING LACTIC ACID PRODUCING BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM LOCALLY FERMENTED MILK (NONO)
(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2018-07-16) Olokun, Alexander Lanzema
Yoghurt is known to have medical uses for a variety of gastrointestinal conditions, although most yoghurt consumed are produced using the diary source of milk. In this research, yoghurt was produced from tiger nut milk extract by fermentation using starter culture containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococuss thermophilus at 37oC for 4 hours. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococus sthermophilus were isolated and identified culturally, morphologically and biochemically, which were used for the fermentation. The inoculation of the starter cultures was divided into Sample A containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus as starter culture, Sample B containing Streptococuss thermophilus as starter culture and Sample C containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococuss thermophilusas starter cultures. The tiger nut yoghurt produced was analyzed for its physicochemical, proximate and organoleptical qualities (sensory evaluation), in comparison with a popular yoghurt brand sold (dairy source of milk) in Keffi labelled as Sample D. The result obtained showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the Ash content, Carbohydrate and Moisture content of all yoghurt samples but there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the protein, crude fibre and fat content of Samples C and D. The pH of all samples was between 4.0-4.5 and titratable acidity between 0.91-0.95. For mineral compositions there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the potassium contents of Samples C and D, calcium and sodium contents of B and D, and phosphorus of D while there were no significant difference (p>0.05) between the calcium and Sodium content of Sample A and C, potassium content of A and B and Phosphorus of A, B and C. Also the Organoleptic result showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in texture and taste except for appearance, consistency and overall acceptance which showed significant difference (p<0.05). From the result of this research, yoghurt can be produced by substituting cow milk with tiger nut milk.
Open Access
ANTIMALARIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS IN SOME HOSPITALS IN MARARABA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-08-09) MAKAMA, AMINA USMAN
Open Access
PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION SEROLOGIC MARKERS AND GENOTYPES AMONG STUDENTS OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-08-17) Haruna, Isa Mohammed
Hepatitis B virus infection has emerged as a major public health problem throughout the world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HBV infection serologic markers and genotypes among students of Nasarawa State University Keffi. Blood samples were collected at the University Medical Centre from 350 consenting newly admitted students of the 2015/2016 academic session who were there for medical clearance. The sera were screened for HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAg and HBeAb using 5-panel HBV profiling diagnostic kits (Qingdad high top biotech co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China). All sera positive for HBsAg, HBeAg or both were further genotyped by PCR using type-specific primers. Of the 350 students screened, 9.7% (34) were positive for HBsAg, 38.3% (134) for HBsAb, 28.0% (98) for HBcAb, 3.7% (13) for HBeAg and 4.6% (16) for HBeAb. The pattern of occurrence of these markers showed that 1.1% of the students had chronic HBV infection, 2.6% had acute form of the infection and 4.6% were carriers of the virus but replicating at low rate. The overall prevalence of non-exposed (susceptible), immuned and infected students was recorded as 52.0%, 39.7% and 8.3% respectively. There was significant association between gender, marital status, history of blood transfusion, multiple sex partners, sharing of sharp objects, alcohol consumption and scarification mark with HBV infection (p˂0.05). However, age, sharing of clothes and bed space and history of HBV infection in the family were not associated with the infection (p>0.05). The study also showed the circulation of genotype A (13.8%), B (34.5%) and E (44.8%) among the students. In addition, there was a relatively high prevalence of mixed infection of genotypes B and E (6.9%) all of which occurred in students who were chronically infected. The seroprevalence of 9.7% for HBsAg in this study confirmed the endemnicity of the virus in the population as per WHO classification. This is a cause for alarm especially that this population was thought to be apparently healthy.