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Item Open Access OBUTANOL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE PAPERS USING CLOSTRIDIUM BISPECIES ISOLATED FROM SOIL ENVIRONMENT OF KEFFI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI NIGERIA, 2019-01-05) Owuna, GabrielBiobutanol is an ecologically friendly alternative fuel that can be used in place of gasoline in car engines. The efficient utilization of waste papers into biobutanol by microbial processes is a worthwhile venture. This will eliminate the use of food crops such as maize for biofuel production. Biobutanol has similar physical and chemical properties with gasoline, and `can be used as fuel in car engines to serve the same purpose as gasoline. In addition to its use as a fuel, it has other uses such as the manufacture of printing inks, perfumes, fumigants, and moistening agents as well as plasticizers and pesticides. In this investigation, the soil environment of Keffi metropolis was screened for the presence of biobutanol-producing Clostridium species which were isolated using standard methods and identified using standard molecular techniques involving the use of 16S rRNA. The ability of the various isolates to produce biobutanol was determined using Lucas‟ Test while the quantitative determination of biobutanol produced by each isolate was carried out using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC & MS). The isolates were later subjected to Hank‟s buffer and UV light treatment for the possibility of obtaining high yield biobutanol in biobutanol-producing Clostridium species. The results obtained showed that the different species of Clostridium isolated from the study area included Clostridium difficile, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium cylindrosporum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium celerecrescens. The investigation further revealed that Clostridium acetobutylicum (Ca2) produced the highest yields of 241,496.0±1.00μg/mL and 1,465,122.0±1.00μg/mL both before and after treatment of clostridial isolates with UV light/Hank‟s buffer followed by Clostridium perfringens (Cp1) with a yield of 326.0±1.41 μg/mL and 1,404,668.0±1.41 μg/mL both before and after treatment of clostridial isolates with UV light/Hank‟s buffer while Clostridium difficile (Cd2) had the lowest yield of 187.0±1.41 μg/mL and 2,127.0±1.41 μg/mL both before and after treatment of clostridial isolates with UV light/Hank‟s buffer. Furthermore, only Clostridium difficile (Cd2), Clostridium perfringens (Cp1) and Clostridium acetobutylicum (Ca2) produced biobutanol during GC & MS analysis of fermentation broth before treatment of clostridial isolates with UV light/Hank‟s buffer with the yields of 187.0±1.41 μg/mL, 326.0±1.41 μg/mL and 241,496.0±1.00 μg/mL respectively. Similarly, Clostridium difficile (Cd1), Clostridium botulinum (Cb1), Clostridium difficile (Cd2), Clostridium perfringens (Cp1), Clostridium difficile (Cd3), Clostridium acetobutylicum (Ca1), Clostridium celerecrescens (Cce1), Clostridium acetobutylicum (Ca2), and Clostridium cylindrosporum (Cc2) produced 241,496.0±1.41 μg/mL, 1,956.0±1.41 μg/mL, 2,127.0±1.41 μg/mL, 1,404,668.0±1.41 μg/mL, 191,130.0±1.00 μg/mL, 3,961.0±2.0 μg/mL, 535.0±1.24 μg/mL, 1,465,122.0±1.00 μg/mL and 152,685.0±1.00 μg/mL after treatment of clostridial isolates with UV light/Hank‟s buffer respectively. It was discovered that there was a statistically significant difference of the concentrations (μg/mL) between the Gas Chromatography & Mass Spectrometry (GC & MS) analysis before and after induced mutation as determined by one-way ANOVA (F = 3.0781; P-value = 0.3846). The yields of biobutanol produced were also found to be significant at a confidence level of 95%. This study therefore validates the alternate hypotheses that Clostridium species are present in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis. This study further demonstrated that paper wastes can be utilized as substrates for biobutanol production and the results of this study could be explored for the the management of wastes papers and other cellulose containing wastes for biobutanol production using species of ClostridiumItem Open Access EXTENDED SPECTRUM ᵦ -LACTAMASE PRODUCTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM VEGETABLES SOLD IN KEFFI METEROPOLIS, NIGERIA(Department of Microbiology,Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-01-20) Abdul, Rajab HadizaVegetables have been recognized as a possible source of transmission of food borne pathogenic Escherichia coli. (E. coli) studies on extended spectrum ᵦ-lactamase production in Escherichia coli isolated from vegetables sold in Keffi metropolis, Nigeria was carried out. A total of (54) vegetable samples such as lettuce (Lactiva sativa), spinach (spnianacia), ugu (pumki) and cabbage from Keffi, market within the metropolis, were collected and E. coli was isolated and identified from sample using standard microbiological method. The antibiotics susceptibility test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of cefotaxime and ceftazidime against some ᵦ -lactam resistance isolates were carried out and interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The ᵦ -lactamase (ESBL) production in resistance E. coli were isolates was carried out using standard method. Out of 54 samples of vegetable obtained, the rate of isolation of E. coli from vegetables were; lettuce (64.3%), cabbage (12.0%), spinach (26.7%) and ugu (12.0%) respectively. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates to antibiotics tested were; ampicillin (78.9%), Augmentin (94.7%), cephalexin (78.9%), Gentamicin (100%), septrin (100%), streptomycin (100%) respectively. The MICs of ceftazidime and cefotaxime ranges from: (ceftazidime 32.0-256.0 μg/ml), (cefotaxime 4.0-128.0 μg/ml). 100% of ampicillin and cephalexin resistance E. coli. Isolates were resistance to both ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Out of 9 E. coli isolates resistance both cefotaxime and ceftazidime, none of the isolates was positive for ESBL production. The E. coli isolates from vegetables were more susceptible to as to all the antibiotic tested with exception of cefotaxime and ceftazidime, in addition, none of the isolates were ESBL producers. Hence further study on molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance E. coli isolates from vegetables in the study area should be carried out.Item Open Access Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Keffi, Nigeria(Department of Microbilog Nasarawa state University keffi, 2017-09-04) Tama, Uudhir Caleb; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H..Escherichia coli (E. coli) is among the pathogens that occurs naturally in the intestinal tract of animals and is known to cause diarrhea in humans both in developed and developing countries. The detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from poultry droppings from selected poultry farms in Keffi, Nigeria was investigated. Poultry droppings were collected from farms in Keffi, Nigeria, and Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Out of seventy-five (75) samples of poultry droppings obtained, 100% E. coli were isolated. The susceptibilities of the isolates in decreasing order with antibiotics is as follows: imipenems (82.1%), gentamicin (80.3%), cefoxitin (66.1%), cefotaxime (58.9%), ceftazidime (57.1%) and ciprofloxacin (51.7%), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (41.3%), streptomycin (7.1%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (5.3%), Ampicillin (1.7%). The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AMP-SXT-S (10.6%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) observed was 0.4 and 0.5 with frequencies of occurrence being 12 and 13 respectively. Out of 34 E. coli isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime antibiotics, 23 (30.6%) were confirmed ESBL producers. The order of percentage occurrence of ESBL genes in confirmed ESBL producing E. coli isolates were; blaSHV (95.4%), followed by blaTEM (68.1%) and blaCTX-M (50%). The E. coli isolates were more susceptible to imipenems, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin and all the isolates were MAR. In addition, blaSHV gene was the most common ESBL gene detected in confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. The results further strengthens the assertion from studies in other places that poultry droppings are also reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli and are probably involved in the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli to other birds and humans. Further studies on isolation and characterization of ESBL enzymes from ESBL-producing isolates from poultry in Keffi, Nigeria should be carried outItem Open Access ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND DETECTION OF tetA GENES IN TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT SALMONELLA SPECIES FROM WATER SOURCES IN KEFFI, NIGERIA(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-08) ADAMU, MUKTAR OWUNAItem Open Access ANTIMALARIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS IN SOME HOSPITALS IN MARARABA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-08-09) MAKAMA, AMINA USMANItem Open Access PREVALENCE OF MALARIA AND BED NET UTILISATION AMONGST STUDENTS OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI(Department Of MicroBiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-11-18) Okoko, Anne OjoMalaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes This study is aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of malaria and utilization of bed-net amongst students of Nasarawa State University Keffi. To survey the utilization of bed-net amongst students in Nasarawa state university Keffi, Structured questionnaire was administered to students who were randomly selected at various apartments, so as to access their knowledge, attitude and preventive measures of malaria, Blood sample was collected from the school clinic, by the laboratory technician from students and transferred into EDTA specimen bottle. Samples were examined for malaria (malaria rapid diagnostic test) using the SD Bioline Malaria test kit, based on the procedure outlined in the manufacturer’s handbook. Data collected was analyzed, using Smith's statistical package,(version 2.8) to determine if there is significant relationship between Prevalence of malaria and bednet utilisation, age, sex and number of occupants in a room respectively. Findings from this study reveals that, of 250 blood samples of students obtained in the school clinic, (south Atlantic petroleum medical center) Keffi, the prevalence of Plasmodium species was 58(23.2%).This study reveals a considerably high level of (67.2%) of bed net utilization amongst students in Nasarawa state University Keffi and also a relatively low prevalence of malaria (23.2%). Students in Nasarawa state university, in the nearest future could be free of malaria if effective bed net utilization would be adopted by all the students as a preventive measure from mosquito bites.Item Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE RESISTANCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM URINE OF PATIENTS ATTENDING FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NIGERIA(Department of microbilogy, Nasarawa state University keffi, 2017-12-03) Gabi, Grace AkwashikiStudies on molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene in E. coli from urine of patients in Federal Medical Centre Keffi; Nigeria was carried out. A total of three hundred and thirty eight (338) urine samples of patients with suspected cases urinary tract infection (UTI) were collection and E. coli was isolated and identified from urine samples; using standard microbiological method. Antibiotic susceptibility test for the isolates was carried out using clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) method.The ESBL production in E. coli isolates jointly resistance to both cefotaxime and ceftazidime was carried out using double disk synergy test (DDST). The molecular detection of ESBL genes (SHV, TEM and CTX-M) in phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing isolates was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Of 338 urine samples of patients obtained, the frequency of detection of E. coli isolates was 48(14.2%). The frequency of detection of E. coli was high in age group 31-45yrs [20.4%] but low in the age group 16-30yrs respectively. The occurrence of E .coli in urine of patients in relation to gender was higher in female (16.1%) than male (11.5%). The occurrence of E. coli isolates were statistically insignificant (p>0.05) in respective of the age and gender of patient in the suspected UTI. The E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to imipenem (95.8%) and gentamicin (85.4%). Out of 17(35.4%) E. coli isolates jointly resistance to both cetoxime and ceftazidime, 12(70.6%) were confirmed ESBL producers and the occurrence of ESBL genes were; SHV (91.7%), TEM (83.3%) and CTX-M (75%) respectively. The E. coli isolates were more susceptible to imipenem and gentamicin. Further studies on molecular characterization of ESBL genes as well as others antibiotics resistance genes in E. coli using UTI in Keffi, Nigeria should be carried outItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCEPTION OF SOME QUINOLONES AGAINST METHICILLIN RESISTANCE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES.(Department Of MicroBiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-12-08) Christiana, OketaMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been reported as a resistant and the common cause of both hospital and community acquired infections. Study on the Minimum Inhibitory Cncentrations (MICs) of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was carried out. The MICs of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against MRSA was carried out using agar dilution method as earlier described by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The MICs of levofloxacin for 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of MRSA isolates were <.0.25pg/ml and 14.97pg/ml. While that of ciprofloxacin for 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of MRSA isolates were 2.441 pg/ml and 14.91 pg/ml respectively. The isolates were more susceptible to levofloxacin 81.25% but less susceptible to ciprofloxacin 43.75%. Levofloxacin may be a drug of choice for treatment of infections caused by MRSA. In vivo studies on evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against the MRSA should be carried out.Item Open Access PREVALENCE OF CANDIDIASIS AND CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES AMONG FEMALE ATTENDING FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE KEFFI, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.(Department Of MicroBiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-12-16) Yepwi, JulianaThis study was carried out to establish the prevalence of Candida infection among women in the study area, the aim of this’ study is to determine the prevalence of candidiasis and cytological features among female patients attending Federal the Medical Center Keffi. To find out the cytological changes of the vaginal and cervix infected with Candida species and also find out the predisposing factors. Four hundred (400) cervical smear samples were collected from women between of 21 and 60 attending a cervical screening exercise at Federal Medical Centre Keffi (FMCK), from January 2018 to December 2019. Some vital information was obtained from them in the form of medical history. Among the women studied, 8 out 400(2%) had Candida infection (Candidiasis). Out of the 8 samples positive for Candida, 8 (100%) showed the most predominant cytological changes which arevariability in the cell nuclei sizes, classic cell clumping and polymorphonuclear leucocyte at the smear background.6 (75%) showed a reactive intra-epithelial infiltration with leucocytes, 5 (62.5%) had slight hyperkeratosis. Those women within the age of 31-40 had more cases of candidiasis. It was found that those who were married (382) are more prone to the infection (1.75%) than the single and widows. Recurrent vaginal discharge was found to be suggestive of candidiasis as 263 women with the history had 6 (1.5%) of the total prevalence (2.0%). 1.25 of those women with the infection was found to have used one contraceptive or the other.Item Open Access Bacteriological Analysis Of Sachet Water Sold In Asokoro, Federal Capital Territory Abuja.(Department Of MicroBiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-12-02) Ogundiya, Oluwasola FunmilayoWater is a chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. It is vital for all known forms of life and the most abundant natural essential commodity since it covers 71% of the earth’s surface. However, cleans drinking water is essential to humans and other forms of life. Good quality water is odourless, colourless, tasteless, and free from faecal pollution.This study aim at determining the bacteriological analysis of sachet vended water sold in Abuja metropolis. A total of 10 sachet water samples of different brands with NAFDAC certification number were bought from different vendors within Abuja and was transported to the microbiology laboratory for examination. Standard microbiological techniques was used in carrying the water analysis. Result from this studies of sachet water from different locations recorded the occurrence of the following bacteria. Escherichia coli Kebsiella sp and Enterobacter sp in sachet water samples vended in Abuja. From the isolated organism E.coli (42.9%), Enterobacter spp (28.6%) and Klebsiella spp (28.6 %.). NAFDAC should ensure and enforce strict compliance to the standards as regards the production and sales of packaged sachet water and Residents should be aware of a possible danger of consumption of poorly treated water especially the borehole and well water and the potential health risk associated with such water if consumed.Item Open Access DETECTION OF COLIFORMS IN COMMERCIALLY SOLD YOGHURT IN KEFFI METROPOLIS, NASARAWA STATE(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-02-18) Otache, Patience AboYoghurt is a commonly consumed drink because of its nutritional benefit and numerous health values. The nutritional constituents of yoghurt make it vulnerable to contamination by . microorganisms. A study was therefore carried out to detect coliforms in some commercially sold yoghurt in Keffi Metropolis, North-Central Nigeria. A total of 50 samples, 10 each of 5 different brands of yoghurt were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Preliminary characterization of the isolates indicates the presence of the following coliforms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp. and- Citrobacter spp. The total viable bacterial count recorded for this present study is within the range of 3.5-7.8 xl05cfu/ml; while the total coliform count is between 2.4-5.6 xl05cfu/ml. In terms of isolation, E. coli (46.0%) is the most isolated coliform, followed by Salmonella spp., while the least isolate was Citrobacter spp. (26.0%). The susceptibility of the isolates to commonly dispensed antibiotics showed that E. coli was highly susceptible to Gentamicin (95.6%) and Ciprofloxacin (91.3%), Klebsiella spp. were susceptible to Gentamicin (88.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (83.3%), Salmonella spp. was completely susceptible to Ciprofloxacin •(100%) and highly susceptible to Gentamicin and Amoxicillin (75.0%), Enterobacter spp. was highly susceptible to Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline (71.4%), while Citrobacter spp. was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (76.9%), but resistant to Norfloxacin (38.5%). The overall -susceptibility of the isolates against the antibiotics is in the order: Ciprofloxacin (83.2%)> Gentamicin (77.4%)> Tetracycline (68.1%)> Chloramphenicol (65.7%)> Cefuroxime (54.2%)> Amoxicillin (53.5%); while the resistance is in the order: Ofloxacin (39.9%)> Nerfloxacin (42.8%)> Ampicillin (47.0%). Consequently, the presence of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria in the yoghurt is a mark of poor microbiological quality ‘and connotes serious public health risk to the consumers. Hence, manufacturers should adopt good manufacturing practice in the production of yoghurt and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production should be regulated.Item Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGE AND SEX AS RISK FACTORS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI AMONG STUDENTS OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2019-12-13) Salisu, SuleimanA study to ascertain the age and gender determinants of Helicobater Pylori infection amongst students of Nasarawa State University Keffi was conducted. A total of eighty four (84) students were selected at random and blood samples were collected using the vene puncture technique and screened for the presence of Helicobater Pylori using Rapid i Diagnostic test strip of the 84 samples examined 46 were positive which gives an overall prevalence of 54.8%. In relation to age He highest prevalence was regarded amongst those aged 21-40 years, while the lowest prevalence was recorded within the age bracket 41 years and above (40.0%). However, there is no statistically significant association with age at P=0.2522. In relation to gender determinant the males had the highest sero-positivity of the infection (59.4%) than the females with a point prevalence of 51.1%. Although there exist a statistically significant association for this parameter at P=0.0146. Consequently there is the need for the students to continuously monitor their status in order to effectively manage the disease, mean while, individuals with cases of Peptic Ulcer should desist from consuming spicy and sour foods as they have been shown to aggravate the condition.Item Open Access SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg AMONG STAFF AND STUDENTS OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY KEFFI, NORTHERN NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2020-12-12) Idris, SalawuHepatitis virus (HBV): infection is a major public health problem, occurring endemically in all areas of the world that it accounts for a substantial portion of liver disease worldwide. Since infected individuals can remain asymptomatic for decades, therefore the identification of infectedpersons is essential, to initiate early treatment can be recommended, and further prevent development of chronic infection as chronic carriers can continue to serve as reservoir of infection. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence and possible risk factors of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsA) among the staff and students of Nasarawa State University, Keffi. Two hundred blood samples were collected from consenting individuals by vein puncture technique and screened for HBsAg using a rapid test diagnostic kit ACON (Aeon Laboratories in. San Diego, CA). The highest prevalence was recorded for those aged <30 years, while gender-related prevalence showed that the HBV infection was higher amongst the males (10.2%) than females (85%). On the same note, in terms of their marital status, the married and the divorcees were more infected with a prevalence of 11.1% each. In terms of education and/occupation the undergraduate students (12.2%) and the nonacademic staff had a relatively higher prevalence of 7.4% respectively. The highest seroprevalence of HBV infection appeared to be skewed towards those students with multiple sexual partners, scarification marks, previous blood transfusion, smoking and alcohol consumption and also those that use public sharp objects for barbing, hair dressing, pedicure and/or manicure. Hence there is need for routine screening of this virus so that resources can be allotted for better management and care.Item Open Access EVALUATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND OFLOXACIN ANTIBIOTIC AGAINST SALMONELLA SPP ISOLATED FROM SOME ENVRONMENTAL SAMPLES IN KEFFI ABATTOIR, NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2019-12-12) Ibrahim, Zainab SaniSalmonella spp is one of the most common food borne pathogens responsible for significant morbidity worldwide. This Study was aimed at the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of certain Salmonella spp in which faecal sample of cattle in Keffi Abattoir, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Fifty 50 (faecal) samples were collected and Salmonella spp was isolated and identified using standard microbiological Methods. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin ad ofloxacin against Salmonella spp isolated from cattles in Keffi abattoirs, Nigeria was carried out using agar dilution method. The occurrence of Salmonella spp was 32 (64.0%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin for 50% (MIC5oj and 90% (MIC90) are (>8.0}ig/mL) and (<8.0pg/mL) while for ofloxacin, the MIC50 AND MIC90 of the isolates’were (<8.0pg/mL) and ((<6.0pg/mL) respectively. The isolates were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin (81.3%) but less susceptible to ofloxacin (18.8%). Ofloxacin was not effective against the • isolate. The ofloxacin was very effective against the Salmonella spp isolates.Item Open Access Determination Of Portability Potential Of Some Borehole And Wells Water Withing Industrial And Sewage Disposal Sites Using Physicochemical Parameters In Kano Metropolis, Kano State Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nassarawa State University Keffi,, 2020-02-05) Sabo, A.A.; Obiekezie, S.O.; Makut, M.D.; Mudasir, N.This research work investigated borehole and Well waters located within the industrial areas of Bompai, Sharada (Sabuwar gandu), Chalawa (Tsamawa) and Gyadigyadi, Wailari sewage disposal areas with a view to determine their physicochemical qualities. A total of fifty (50) samples from boreholes and wells (two from each location) were sampled and analyzed, the physicochemical parameters monitored included pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD, Turbidity, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, Zinc, iron, lead, manganese and chromium. The wells water samples showed elevated mean value of lead (0.14mg/I), EC (590.9 us/cm), TDS (l l9.l3mg/l), DO (4.67mg/I), BOD (1.25mg/1), Zinc (l.76mg/I), iron (0.6mg/l), Manganese (0.44mg/I) and Chromium (0.57mg/1) when compared to the borehole samples with mean average value of lead(0.01mg/I), EC (483.75), TDS (54.0lmg/I), DO (4.l2mg/l), BOD(l .2mg/I), Zinc (0.91mg/l), Iron (0.l6mg/I), Manganese (0.29mg/l) and Chromium (0.05mg/l). The result shows that some of the borehole and well samples are not within the recommended limit of WHO (2006) and NSDWQ (2007) standard for drinking water. The borehole and well water should therefore be protected and treated before consumptionItem Open Access Co-epidemics: Have measures Against COVID-19 helped to Reduce Lassa fever Cases in Nigeria?(2021-02-16) Reuben, R.C.; Gyar, Dogara Silas; Makut, M.D.; Adoga, M.P.While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has multiple devastating public health and socio-economic effects across the world, Nigeria along with other West African countries is simultaneously faced with a recurrent Lassa fever epidemic. The complicating scenario is the similarity in the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 and Lassa fever, making the misdiagnosis of the initial presentation of both diseases a significant risk with an increased likelihood of co-infection. However, the strict implementation of COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures across Nigeria after the initial outbreaks concurrently resulted in the reduction of Lassa fever cases. The abrupt change in the behaviour of Lassa fever epidemiological data, which are attributable to the implementation of COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures at the national, sub-national and community levels, requires detailed investigation during and after the COVID-19 epidemic to elucidate the interactions and evolutionary dynamics of Lassa fever cases in Nigeria.Item Open Access ANTIMALARIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Department of Medical Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-09-11) John, Patrick AttahMalaria remains a public health issue with the burden unevenly distributed to the disadvantage of the developing countries of the world and a major public health challenge in Sub-Sahara Africa including Nigeria. Antimalarial resistance is a major factor that encourages persistence of malaria in developing countries; and in recent time, the parasite has developed resistance to most of the commonly available prophylactic and therapeutic antimalarial agents. This study investigated retrospective and prospective the occurrence and antimalarial susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in patients who accessed Dalhatu Araf Specialist hospital (DASH) and Gosha hospital (GOSHA) in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. In retrospective study, the occurrence of malaria cases and antimalarial drugs prescriptions in the two hospitals in 2015 and 2016 were analysed by reviewing prescription. The occurrence of malaria in DASH in 2015 was 28.7% and 30% in 2016. In GOSHA, occurrence of 25.6% and 26.7% were reported in 2015 and 2016 respectively. In the prospective study, 227 blood samples from patients and screened microscopy for presence of human malaria parasites using thin and thick film techniques. The prospective occurrence of 46.63% was recorded in DASH and 45.65% was recorded in GOSHA. Plasmodium falciparum positive samples were cultivated in modified RPMI 1640 nedium to obtain a degree of parastemia (1000-80000 µl) suitable for antimalrial susceptibility testing. In vitro susceptibility testing was done following standard testing protocols. In vitro antimalarial susceptibility test (using chloroquine, artesunate, coartem and artesunate/amodiaquine), schizont count, percentage inhibition and inhibitory concentration (IC50) were determined using schizont maturation assay. In the In vitro analysis, Plasmodium falciparum parasites were susceptible to Chloroquine, Artesunate and Artesunate-Amodiaquine but resistance to Coartem (6.4%). Kelch13 gene was detected in only one of the Coartem resistant isolates; and pfmdr1 was detected in only one of the Kelch13 negative isolates. One of the Coartem resistant isolates did not harbor both Kelch and pfmdr1 genes. Chloroquine has started regaining its glory for the treatment of malaria; and artemisinin still maintained it effective as drugs of choice for the treatment of malaria.Item Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION OF CERVICAL HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING GYNAECOLOGY CLINIC, FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, KEFFI, NIGERIA.(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-10-13) Manga, Dogara MangaThe Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common cause of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) worldwide, Cervical cancer is one of the most critical health issues, affecting women in developing countries; it is regarded as the commonest malignancy of the female genital tract in Nigeria. This study was aimed at molecular detection of HPV among women attending Gynaecology clinic in Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria using nested PCR and assessed some socio-demographic and risk factors associated with Human Papillomavirus. One hundred and fifty-eight (158) cervical swab samples were collected from women that accepted and filled written consent using Rovers cervix brush, the cervical epithelial cells collected were preserved in PBS before being transported to the DNA Lab, Kaduna for DNA extraction, amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis. HPV DNA were extracted and amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers PGMY09/PGMY11 and consensus primers GP5/GP6 and the bands visualized using 1.5% Agarose gel electrophoresis, PGMY09/11 and GP5/6 genes were detected at approximately 450bp and 150bp respectively. Of the one hundred and fifty-eight (158) cervical swab samples screened, sixteen (16) were positive for HPV L1 genes giving an overall prevalence of 10.1%. 14(fourteen) (8.9%) tested positive for HPV-DNA with the GP5/6 primer set and 2 (1.2%) with the PGMY09/11 primer set. The prevalence of HPV in relation to socio-demographic factors such as age (P-value=0.99), level of education (P- value=0.53), marital status (P-value=0.49), settlement type (P-value=0.36) and employment status (P-value=0.84) showed that statistically there is no significant association (P>0.05). Similarly, risk factors such as tobacco use (P-value=0.07), douching (P-value=0.36), contraceptive use (P-value=0.38), Parity (P-value=0.96), age at sexual debut (P-value=0.07) also showed no statistically significant association (P>0.05) with HPV prevalence in this study. However, there is statistically significant association (P<0.05) between HPV prevalence and risk factors such as previous history of STI’s (P-value=0.005) and multiple sexual partners (P- value=0.01). The GP5/GP6 and PGMY09/PGMY11 genes of the conserved L1 region were detected in women in the study location. High HPV prevalence and the associated risk factors observed in this study shows the continuous transmission of the virus in Keffi, Nigeria. Hence, monitoring including intense public awareness and cervical cancer screening is recommended prevention and control programs, assessment of vaccine efficacy and planning for future vaccination strategies.Item Open Access PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION SEROLOGIC MARKERS AND GENOTYPES AMONG STUDENTS OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-08-17) Haruna, Isa MohammedHepatitis B virus infection has emerged as a major public health problem throughout the world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HBV infection serologic markers and genotypes among students of Nasarawa State University Keffi. Blood samples were collected at the University Medical Centre from 350 consenting newly admitted students of the 2015/2016 academic session who were there for medical clearance. The sera were screened for HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAg and HBeAb using 5-panel HBV profiling diagnostic kits (Qingdad high top biotech co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China). All sera positive for HBsAg, HBeAg or both were further genotyped by PCR using type-specific primers. Of the 350 students screened, 9.7% (34) were positive for HBsAg, 38.3% (134) for HBsAb, 28.0% (98) for HBcAb, 3.7% (13) for HBeAg and 4.6% (16) for HBeAb. The pattern of occurrence of these markers showed that 1.1% of the students had chronic HBV infection, 2.6% had acute form of the infection and 4.6% were carriers of the virus but replicating at low rate. The overall prevalence of non-exposed (susceptible), immuned and infected students was recorded as 52.0%, 39.7% and 8.3% respectively. There was significant association between gender, marital status, history of blood transfusion, multiple sex partners, sharing of sharp objects, alcohol consumption and scarification mark with HBV infection (p˂0.05). However, age, sharing of clothes and bed space and history of HBV infection in the family were not associated with the infection (p>0.05). The study also showed the circulation of genotype A (13.8%), B (34.5%) and E (44.8%) among the students. In addition, there was a relatively high prevalence of mixed infection of genotypes B and E (6.9%) all of which occurred in students who were chronically infected. The seroprevalence of 9.7% for HBsAg in this study confirmed the endemnicity of the virus in the population as per WHO classification. This is a cause for alarm especially that this population was thought to be apparently healthy.Item Open Access THE PREVALENCE OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING SOME HOSPITALS IN KEFFI METROPOLIS NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2016-11-18) Anzaku, SamuelIn this study, 20mls of clean early morning mid-stream catch urine samples were collected from 200 patients in four selected hospitals in Keffi metropolis. With the assistance of their medical personnel’ basic epidemiological information was obtained through constructed questionnaires. The sedimentation method was used and the sediment transferred onto clean grease free glass slide, and examined microscopically. Of the 200 samples (130 males and 70 females), 39(19.5%) were infected with Schistosoma haematobium, out of which males had a prevalence of 14.6% compared to 28.6% among females. The statistical analysis revealed that there was significant difference (P 0. 05) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among males and females. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in relation to age showed that ages 21-30 years had the highest rate (31.8%). The statistical analysis also revealed a significant difference (P 0.05) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among the 4 hospitals in the study area. Prevalence of S. haematobiun infection in relation to occupation of Business, civil service, fishing, farming and Artisanship was highest among fishing (32.4%) followed by farming (26.3%), civic service (21.4%) Business (14.3%) lowest was in Artisanship (10.3%) Statistically there was significant association (P ≤ 0.05) between occupation and infection. The prevalence of S. haematobriun in relation to source of water was high (29.8%) in River/stream followed by ponds (25.0%), wells (14.0%) Borehole (13.3%) and lowest in pipe borne (11.1%) However statically the association was significant (P ≤0.05) The prevalence of the infection relation to the types of toilet facility available in homes of patients shows that highest prevalence (24.7%) was observed in patients homes where bush is used. Statistical analysis shows that there is significant association (P ≤ 0.05) in the type of toilet facility in home of patient and the infection.