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Item Open Access EVALUATION OF THE HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF SOIL FROM DUMPSITE IN YENAGOA, NIGERIA(Department Of Chemistry, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2021-09-07) Adubazi, MomohJimoh OnimisiThe evaluation of heavy metal contents of soil from around dumbsites in Yenagoi was carried out in this research work. The aim was to ascertain the pollution of the sc 1. Twelve (1 ') soil samples were taken from three dumbsites and three samples from the control ite. Thes^ samples were analysed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption pectrop otometer method. The results obtained from the dumpsites show that Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn i lows that land concentration 12.11+ 2.35,' 18.24+ 1.33 27.40 + 4.92, 115.35 + .59, 5.1 + 2.1 and 100.30 4^6.26 mg/kg in the soil respectively and in the control site, the concentratio were b.20 + 3.12, 9.11 + 94, 8.36 + 3.97, 58.83 +_12.75, 6.82 + 1.00 and 36.74 + 4.96 mg/kg, espectively. From the results the concentration of metals from the dumpsites were all higher thai those from the control sites due to located from the waste into the soil the dumpsites. Al; the metal concentration were however lower than them they WHO recommended permissible 1? nit except for Cd. The enrichment factor were from background concentration, depletion tc rr'nimal concentration and the contamination factor shows moderate contamination. The pollution load index was 2.29 which suggests heavy pollution of the soil around the dumpsites with the metals. Therefore, soils from around states stand the risks of heavy metal pollution and it is recommended that crop growing should not be done on such soil and even dugging of boreholes or well for dumpsite use should be far from such sites.Item Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF SOAPS PRODUCED FROM PALM OIL-PALM KERNEL OIL MIXTURE WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE ASII-DERIVED ALKALI(Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2021-07-06) Oyigye, Mohammed IbrahimThe research involved the use of agricultural wastes such as Palm Bunch Wastes (PBW), Cassava Peels (CP), Benne Seed Dust (BSD) and Mango Seed Pods (MSP) ash-derived alkali as well as KOH with Palm oil-Palm kernel oil to produced soap. The soaps produced were examined. The physicochemical properties of the soaps were carried out based on the following parameters: Foamability, Foam Stability, Moisture, Total Fatty Matter, Free Caustic Alkali and Alcohol Insoluble Matter. The results obtained indicate that ail soaps produced had very good foam/leathering quality and very stable foam. The moisture content ranged between 9.OS- 16.72%, total fatty matter values were 62.07, 67.60, 60.55, 54.04 and 84.09% for PBW, CP, BSD, MSP and KOH respectively, this complied with the standard specified by the Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS).The free caustic alkali for PBW, CP, BSD, MSP and commercial alkali were 0.05, 0.06, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.03 respectively. Soap produced using ash-derived alkali from agricultural wastes had higher alcohol insoluble matter than 10% specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). The higher amount of alcohol insoluble matter may be largely attributed to the level of impurity and crude nature of the alkali from the agricultural wastes used in the soap production. The soap impurities can be removed or reduced by the purification of soap.Item Open Access QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER IN WAMBA TOWN OF WAMBA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Department Chemistry Nasarawa State University keffi., 2018-06-11) ABDULRAFIU, TAOFEEKThe research was carried out to determine the quality of underground water in Wamba town of Wamba Local Government Area, Nasarawa State. Physico-chemical parameters of the borehole and well water samples were determined using standard methods. Heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe and Zn) were quantified using Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GAAS). Borehole and well water pH (7.00 + 1.0 - 7.30 + 0.30) were slightly alkaline.The levels of temperature, acidity, total solids(TS), total dissolved solids(TDS) , total suspended solid (TSS) , total alkalinity, total hardness, dissolved oxygen( DO) and bio-chemical oxygen demand(BOD) in borehole water were higher during the dry season, except for electrical conductivity (EC). Levels of physico-chemical parameter during the dry and wet seasons in borehole water were significantly different (P< 0.05), except for pH, temperature, EC, TS,and DO. Heavy metal concentrations in borehole waterwere generally higher during dry season than the wet seasons. Cu and Ni concentration were highest. Fe levels were below detection limit in dry season. Al and Fe concentrationswere not significantly different (P < 0.05) in borehole water. Inwell water the levels of EC, and TDS were higher during the wet seasons.Acidity, TSS, total alkalinity, total hardness and BOD in well water were significantly different (P < 0.05) for both seasons. Heavy metal concentrations in well water werehigher in wet season compared to dry season, except for levels of Ni and Zn. Concentrations of Cd (1.04+ 0.003mg/L) was the highest levels in well water. Heavy metals levels in well were significantly different (P< 0.05), except for Al. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were recorded in well water compared to water from the boreholes. Physico-chemical and heavy metals level were within the acceptable limits for drinking and domestic water except for the levels of aluminum and cadmium.(WHO, 2011.Appendix A and B).The water physico-chemical quality index (WQ1) and heavy metal pollution index (HQI) for both borehole and well water in the dry and wet season were less than 100 and 1, which indicated that the water samples were good for drinking (WHO, 2011.AppendixItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER IN ABUJA METROPOLIS AS A MEASURE OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION(departmnt of chemistry, nasarawa stste university keffi, 2012-04-24) Ayodeji, Nasiru SalawuThe physico-chemical properties and other air-borne elemental pollutants in rainwater were determined from five zones of Abuja metropolis, Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria, in order to ascertain the level of atmospheric air pollution of the city. Rainwater samples were collected from five zones in Abuja metropolis (1) directly and (2) from roof tops in Asokoro, Maitama, Central Area, Wuse and Garki, respectively, which were combined to give a composite sample for each sampling point. These samples were collected within the months of May, June, July, August, September and October, 2010, that represented the beginning (May/June), peak (July/August) and the end (September/October) of rainy season in Nigeria. The result of water analysis using standard methods, indicated that the physical, chemical and heavy metal contents of rain water were within the WHO/EU drinking water quality standards, devoid of acidity and impairments as a result of atmospheric pollution, gaseous emission contaminants or particulate heavy metal suspensions in air from preceding harmattan and dry season period in all locations in the territoryItem Open Access IMPACT OF OIL SPILLAGE ON FLORA AND FAUNA: A CASE STUDY OF SARKIN PAWA AREA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA(Chemistry Department, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2016-10-30) Pius, Mercy AdaThis project reviewed the environmental impact study of oil spillage, using the case study of Sarkin Pawa in Niger state north central of Nigeria. It critically analyzed the effect of oil spillage on marine life, environment, flora and fauna; also the effect on human health. The research also involved the use of primary and secondary sources of data collection for methodology. Questionnaires were developed, administered and observations recorded. The research shows that oil spillage in Sarkin Pawa affected 85% of the environment endangering flora, fauna and the health of the community. It was traced mainly due to negligence of duty by the oil company operators in which the oil sprayed within the environment and was ignited by a moving vehicle. The fire it caused affect animals mainly through effects on their habitant, which cause short-term increases in wildlife foods that contribute to the increase in population of some animals. The research shows that 80% of oil spillage was due to negligence. I recommend increased efforts by the oil company in the management of oil installations.Item Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF TIGERNUT (CYPERUS ESCULENTUS) AS A SOURCE OF VEGETABLE OIL, ETHANOL AND ANIMAL FEED(DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI., 2016-11-11) Ablaku, Barnabas Enga.Fresh tigernut tubers (yellow variety) were screened, washed, dried, ground into coarse powder and the powder extracted with hexane. Similarly, fresh tigernut tubers were sprouted, screened, washed, dried, ground into coarse powder and extracted with hexane. Hexane extract was filtered and solvent removed under reduced pressure affording tigernut oil in 32.63±1.31 and 36.67±0.63% yield, for un-sprouted and sprouted samples respectively. Results of physicochemical analyses of the oil confirmed that tigernut tuber is a good source of edible (vegetable) oil. Following oil extraction as above, the residue obtained was saccharified and then fermented. Three saccharification methods were investigated: enzyme, acid and enzyme/acid, respectively. The yield of ethanol produced from un-sprouted tigernut residue after oil extraction is as follows: 112±0.95 (no saccharification), 128±1.08 (acid), 176±1.26 (enzyme) and 252±1.00 (enzyme/acid) cm3 per Kg dry matter. The yield of ethanol produced from sprouted tigernut residue, after oil extraction, is as follows: 148±1.39 (acid), 184±1.25 (enzyme) and 284±1.12 (enzyme/acid) cm3 per Kg dry matter respectively. Direct fermentation of sprouted tigernut without saccharification yielded 128±1.21 cm3 per Kg dry matter. The results show that sprouting followed by enzyme/acid saccharification gave the highest yield of ethyl alcohol. The fermentation residues were analyzed for nutrients composition. There is increase in crude protein (18%), crude fibre (17%) and ash (39%), between un-sprouted tigernut flour and fermentation residue. Crude fat and carbohydrate contents of fermentation residues decreased by 28% and 42% respectively, from the un-sprouted tigernut flour. The elements copper, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and iron showed increase whereas manganese, calcium and sodium showed decrease. The amino acids lysine,histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine,