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Item Open Access ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN BUKURU, JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF APPLY AND NATURAL SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2018-06-05) Yilkur, MinerItem Open Access PETROGENESIS AND MINERALIZATION POTENTIALS OF SOUTHERN NASSARAWA EGGON AREA, PART OF WAMBA (SHEET 210 SW), NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF APPLY AND NATURAL SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2018-02-16) Atede, Abraham UwodiInadequate data on the geochemistry of the rocks in southern Nassarawa Eggon area is identified as a gap in the geological information of the area. The geochemical characterization of the various rock units being considered as the means through which the observed gap could be filled was carefully carried out. Detailed geological mapping and sampling of major rock units, as-mined ore and weathered materials from the area with the aid of Geographical Positioning System (GPS), compass clinometer, cutlass, sample bag and field notebook was carried out. Selected rock, as-mined ore and weathered materials were analyzed for major and trace elements using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The variation diagrams based on the geochemical data of rocks revealed overall apparent decreased in major element composition with increased SiO2 content, signifying high fractionation of mafic minerals like biotite. Discrimination diagram on the other hand suggest igneous origin for porphyritic biotite granite, pegmatite and dolerite while ferruginous sandstone have for sedimentary source. The bar chart revealed high concentrations of Fe and Cu in as-mined ore of lead/zinc. Thus, Fe and Cu were revealed as other economic mineral potentials of the as-mined ore of Pb/Zn contained in pegmatite.Item Open Access AN EVALUATION OF SOIL FERTILITY FOR AGRICULTURE IN KAFANCHAN AND ENVIRONS, JAMA’A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State university keffi, 2021-03-04) Madaki, Ken SusheThere has been a major challenge on how to develop soil fertility for Agricultural and to access changes which are practical and useful in agriculture. This study accesses the soil fertility in Kafanchan and environs using quantitative indicators and to compare with the standard. Six locations (farmland) were chosen from the study area these locations are Loc. A(Ungwan Fada), Loc. B (Bara), Loc. C (Kafanchan), Loc. D (Tagwa Afana), Loc. E (Fadan Kagoma), Loc. F (Paki) respectively.. In each of the farmland, samples were collected at 15cm deep using an auger, this is the recommended depth as it is the rooting zone were most crops occur. The quantity collected fi-om each farmland is at lkg so as to have enough samples for laboratory analysis. The sample collected were mixed individually and put into a separate bag and seal for laboratory analysis of measured properties. The value of indicators for each farmland was separately integrated into quantitative index using the soil management assessment framework and comparing the result with the soil quality standard as proposed by Chude VO, 2011 (Soil fertility management in Nigeria).Item Open Access ASSESSMENT OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL VARIABILITY ON MELON PRODUCTION IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI NIGERIA, 2018-03-22) Kachalla, AbbaMelon is an environmental tolerant crop which is produced massively in Nasarawa State. The study is aim at examining the Assessment of temperature and rainfall variability on melon production (output). Temperature and rainfall are two factors, among others, that Assessment the production of melon in Nasarawa State. Data were obtained from secondary sources; melon production data was obtained from Nasarawa State Agricultural Development Programme whereas temperature and rainfall data were obtained from NIMET. The Walter’s method, as modified by Olaniran, was used to calculate the onset and cessation dates of rainfall and temperature. Multiple regression was used to test the hypothesis using standardized time series of melon production, temperature and rainfall. Descriptive statistics was used to represent results in charts, graphs at 95%level of significance. The state has a mean temperature that ranges from 26-28°C and annual rainfall between 1100-1700mm with onset in April and cessation in October. Temperature is on the increase whereas rainfall is on the decrease, although it is statistically not significant at 95% level. Onset and cessation dates do not Assessment melon production, as result show that these dates are not significant in melon production. Temperature has little Assessment on melon production when compared to rainfall. They both constitute 24% Assessment on melon production. Melon requires between 200-230mm of rainfall and 26-28°C of temperature. A weak relationship was observed using multiple regression analysis, having an r-square value of 0.239. It is recommended that agrometeorologists/climatologists should extend their weather forecast to melon farmers, intensification of irrigation farming to burst melon production and also developing of melon resilient seed that can withstand climate variability and change.Item Open Access GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOPHYSICAL APPRAISAL OF GIDI-GIDI AND ITS ENVIRONS, PARTS OF JAMA’A SHEET I88 NE, CENTRAL NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY KEFFI, 2020-08-19) KAINEH, ADAEZE STELLAFresh water is a valuable resource which humans depend on for daily living. It is however not readily available everywhere for use especially in most rural communities. The inhabitants of Gidi-Gidi and its environs, within latitudes N8°56ꞌ37ꞌꞌ to N8°59ꞌ45ꞌꞌ and longitudes E8°10ꞌ00 ꞌꞌ to E8°13ꞌ23ꞌꞌ parts of Jama’a Sheet 188 NE, North Central Nigeria depend solely on surface water from streams which are prone to contamination and could lead to a rise in poverty levels already being experienced by the rural dwellers. This prompted the need to conduct geological and hydrogeophysical appraisal of the area to locate suitable aquifers where potable groundwater can be exploited to serve as a safer alternative to the surface water sources in the area. Three methods employed in this study include: geological mapping, thin section analysis of rocks and electrical resistivity geophysical survey using the Schlumberger configuration to investigate 15 stations within the area. Geological mapping revealed that the area comprises of migmatitic gneiss, biotite gneiss and leucocratic granite with joints trending in the NNE – SSW principal direction. Result of petrographic analysis showed presence of biotite, quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, muscovites, perthite, microcline and amphibole as the common rock forming minerals in the area. Interpreted geophysical data revealed maximum of five and minimum of three geo-electrical layers: the topsoils (TS), lateritic soils (LT, LS), the weathered basement (WB) layer consisting of weathered rock fragments or regolith (R), the fractured layer (FRB) and the fresh basement layer (FB). Weathered and fractured basement layers have sufficient thickness (greater than 30 m) to retain and transmit groundwater therefore constitute the aquifers in the study area. The weathered basement layer at a depth of 25 m to 35 m constitutes the main aquifer in Angwan Barau while the fractured fresh basement layer at a depth of 40 m to 50 m constitutes the main aquifer in Gidigidi and Angwan Doruwa with a very good groundwater potential. Drilling can best be achieved through the use of down-hole hammering methodItem Open Access FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE DOKO MEMBER OF THE BIDA BASIN FORMATION, BIDA BASIN, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa state University Keffi., 2014-05-15) Patrick, Nwokocha Okechukwu.Three interpretative facies have been recorded in the study area, the Bida Formation which is the oldest stratigraphic unit in the Northern Bida Basin of North Central Nigeria. They are; the alluvial facies, occurring at the northern basal parts of the basin interpreted as debris flow deposits, fluvial facies of channel lag units associated with stream floods and laterally extensive beds capped by sandy, silty and muddy interbeds of flood plain facies organized into fining upwards cycle. Lithologic logging shows that breccias, conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and mud/claystones are the dominant litho-units. Petrographic study on the Doko Member revealed quartz as the dominant framework grain ranging from 60 to 75.5% quartz, which depicts an arenites to greywacke, moderate to low feldspartic content below 25% depicts arkosic arenites while cement matrix were mainly of heamatitic origin. Results of Sieve analysis;, standard deviation and skewness (which range from 0.65 to 1.69 and- 0.02 to 0.96 with average values of 1.29 and 0.11) respectively suggest that the sandstones are predominantly texturally immature and, thus, imply fluvial origin. Average mean of grain size distribution 0.79 suggest predominance of coarse sands and this suggest that saltation is the most prevalent mode of transportation in the fluvial processes. Sedimentary structures including; massive cross bedding, ripple marks, burrows, grooves and borings reveals both moderately high and low energy regimes. Based on macro field evidence offossil records, reptilian bones like structure were found in some units of the Bida Sandstone. ( could suggests possible marginal marine upsurge to have occurred concurrently (inundation).Item Open Access mmentology and palaeoenvironment of deposition of THE DEBA- FULANI MEMBER OF THE PINDIGA FORMATION AROUND KWADON-KANAWA AREA UPPER BENUE TROUGH NORTH EAST NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY KEFFI, 2014-05-21) Maries, Ephraim WuddaThe Deba Fulani Member is a sandy unit that occurs in the middle part of the Pindiga Formation and passes laterally to the Dumbulwa Member south of die Dumbulwa - Bage High and to the Gulani Member east of die Gongola River. The unit is made up of a lower part comprising Kanawa member-type shales and thin sandstones with Thalassinoides burrows. The major part of die Deba Fulani member is made up of repetitive cyclic arrangement, of a similar but thinner subfacies overlain by large scale tabular cross-bedded sub-unit with a general coarsening-up wards or progradational character and affected by minor vertical faults. The sandstones are very coarse-grained (-0.120), poorly to moderately sorted (0.910), platykurtic (1.440), and negatively skewed (-0.190). Petrographically, they are sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz arenites consisting of monocrystalline quartz and minor polycrystalline quartz, a general absence of feldspar and a low diversity of heavy mineral assemblage, suggesting a sedimentaiy source perhaps a reworked late- Cenomanian to early Turonian littoral sand deposited during a preceding transgressive interval. The mineral phases present in all samples of the Deba Fulani Member observed from XRD analysis indicates that they have quartz, feldspar, illite, muscovite, biotite, glauconite,Item Open Access GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN GBAMZE AND ENVIRONS, PARTS OF AKWANGA SHEET 209 SW, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF APPLY AND NATURAL SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-02-01) Bulus, Esla SylvesterVertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method was used in carrying out geophysical investigation for groundwater in Gbamze and environs with a view of determining the apparent resistivity and thickness of various layers of the geological formations, the depth to the bedrock, and references of lithologic units. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was done at twenty four (24) VES stations using GPS Garmin XP to establish sounding points. The L and R tetrameter was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained were analysed using computer software Iplwin and Ixld inversion. Results got from the interpretation suggest six layers in virtually all parts of the study area. The topsoil layer resistivity varies from 25.04Qm to 413.50f2m having thickness that ranges from 0.24m to 8.71m. The second layer contains clay, laterite and sand. Its thickness and resistivity values are 0.76m to 4.08m and 27.55Qm-7547.6Qm respectively. The third layer also consists of sandy clay, laterite and clayey sand. Its thickness ranges from 2.07m to 10.29m and the resistivity varies from 19.27Gm tol2.65.60Gm. The fourth layer has thickness and resistivity values of 2.85m to 18.80m and 22.35Qm to 605.30£2m respectively. This is mainly of highly fractured/weathered basement rock units. The fifth layer is a partially weathered/fractured basement rock unit. Its thickness and resistivity ranges from 3.82m to 15.99m and 64.26Qm to 1224Qm respectively. The last layer, being fresh basement rock unit has resistivity values ranging from 221.80Gm to 19863.40f2m. The general depth to basement and the groundwater potential varies from location to location but can be inferred as very good, moderate and poor areas.Item Open Access BIOMARKER EVALUATION OF THE PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE AHOKO SHALE (PATTI FORMATION) IN THE SOUTHERN BIDA BASIN, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(Department of geology and mining, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science, Nasarawa State university keffi, 2014-05-13) Benjamin, GbatseThe petroleum source potential of Ahoko shale unit of the Maastrichtian Patti Formation was assessed by biomarker analysis with the aim of assessing the provenance and maturity of the organic matter and hence the hydrocarbon-generative potential. Six outcrop samples were analysed by the use of Soxhlet extractor and a Varian 3400 GC. Collection and procession of the gas chromatogram data for alkane compounds was done with Atlas software via a chromatographic server. Eighty three percent (83%) of the results show pristane/phytane ratios >1.0 which indicate that the organic matter is predominantly of terrestrial origin and deposited in sub-oxic to oxic and non-hypersaline depositional environments. The n-alkane distributions from the gas chromatogram shows obvious odd-over-even predominance which point to inputs of terrestrial higher plants organic matter and also an indication of the immature to early mature stage of the organic matter from the Ahoko shale. Eighty three percent (83%) of the results show Odd-Even-Ratio (OER) <1.0 and seventeen percent (17%) OER >1.0. Also, eighty percent (80%) of the results show Carbon Preference Index (CPI) <1.0, ten percent (10%) >1.0 and ten percent equivalent to 1.0. Both values of OER and CPI are generally below 1.0, which means that, the organic matter of Ahoko shale are thermally immature. Due to the results of pristane/phytane ratios and the n-alkane distributions from gas chromatogram, the hydrocarbon potential of Ahoko shale is believed to be gas prone and may have started generating gas in the deeply buried sections.Item Open Access GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMITRY OF THE KWAKUTI MARBLE DEPOSIT, PART OF SHEET 185, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-03-16) Odimegwu, Chinwe LorrethaThe study area falls within the migmatite gneiss complex of Nigeria, which is characterized by migmatised gneiss, layered gneisses and granodiorites. The marble in the Kwakuti area was mapped. The colour of the marbles mapped range from black, to grey, to white. Petrographic studies was carried out on the three rock types. Geochemical analysis of the major elements was carried out on the samples in order to determine their elemental constituents and ascertain their most suitable industrial application. The marble’s CaO percentage weight of 38.58% shows that it is a calcitic marble. The major oxides composition shows average SiO2 percentage of 10.94%, Al2O3 is 3.69%, Fe2O3 is 0.53%, TiO2 is 0.06%, MnO is 0.061%, MgO is 7.47%, Na2O is 0.13%, and K2O is 37.73%. Trace elements geochemistry was carried through XRF analysis and shows that the marble is enriched in the elements Ba and Sr. Ba is in the range of 52.61-184.74 ppm and Sr is between 13.49-433.04ppm. Ba and Sr values are noted to be high. The enriched Sr also indicates that the marble has not undergone much weathering. The low value of Cr and Ni strongly support a felsic derived source for the marble. Cr is < 49.42 ppm with Ni value less than the level detectable. Based on its CaO value of 38.58%, the marble can be used in the manufacture of fertilizer, poultry feed and pharmaceutical products.Item Open Access RECONNAISSANCE MINERAL SURVEY OF MARBLE IN KUJE AREA COUNCIL OF ABUJA (FCT) USING SATELLITE IMAGERY(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2021-05-01) Idakwo, Precilla OlugomaExploiting mineral resources requires first and foremost locating suitable locations for its development. Remote sensing offers a synoptic capability of covering wide areas in real time and can be cost effective over a vast area of land. The marble location in Kuje Area Council Abuja, was assessed using Landsat 8 images and a number of GIS software’s namely: ARCGIS, ERDAS IMAGINE, ENVI, ROCKWORK, MODEL. The study employed a combination of established Band ratios from literature on visible near infrared to shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR). Bands of Landsat 8 and innovative digital image processing techniques which enhanced surface mineralogy such as, carbonates zones related to marble deposits were revealed. The results of the ratios corroborate also the identification of carbonate minerals which serve as surrogate to locating marble deposits. A total of 106 training site locations was employed during the supervised image training and classification. Field validation was carried out, 80 points coordinate tracks were used as training sites to validate and also determine the accuracy and we discovered,78 points represent marble. Kappa co-efficient revealed 84% of marble location and the generated map of Kuje has shown spartial geographic distribution of marbles in unexplored locations.Item Open Access GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURES OF GAUTA AND ENVIRONS, PARTS OF KEFFI SHEET 208NE NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF APPLY AND NATURAL SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-07-13) Kingsley, Nafanna AliThe study area is part of Keffi sheet 208NE and covers Gauta, Buzu, Dadin Kowa and Dorawa villages. This research was undertaken to determine the Geology and structures of the area. i Geological mapping at a scale of 1:12,500 and structural analysis were conducted and rock i !I samples collected were petrographically analyzed. The result of the Study shows that the area is part of basement complex of north central Nigeria. ! Lithologic units in the area include granite -gneiss and schists. Structural overview of the lithologic units which include lineations, foliation and faulting revealed that the study area has witnessed several episodes of deformation leading to re-orientation and obliteration of the preexisting structural framework. The type and nature of minerals the rock contain together with the geometry reveal that the rock have undergone more than one deformation event since the time of their formation. The NW-SE joints directions show that the area has a great potential for water and mineralItem Open Access THE GEOLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY OF NASSARAWA EGGON TOWN AND ENVIRONS (PART OF WAMBA SHEET 210 SW) NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF APPLY AND NATURAL SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-07-24) Mohammed, Bashir YusufThe study area falls in Nasarawa Eggon and its environs in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, part of Wamba Sheet 210SW. .The area falls between Latitudes 8°4T00,rN to 8045'00"N and longitudes . 8o3O'00"E and 8°30'00"E. Geologically, the field mapping of 40mk2 was done on a scale of 1:12,500, was carried out to delineate the geology and petrography of the area. The area is ’ underlain by the Younger Granite Complex of North Central Nigeria. Study revealed that the area is underlain by migmatite gneiss that -has been altered largely due to .metamorphism by one or more deformational Orogenic phase! Overlaid by ‘these rocks are pegmatite and quartz veins that form part of the rock emplace during the Pan-Africa Orogeny. z Petrography studied of these rocks revealed that the, rocks are composed of quartz, feldspar, microcline, biotite, plagioclase and ferromagnesium mineral. Structural analyses showed that foliation trend of the rocks are NW-SE, NNE-SSWy NNE-SSE and NNW-SSE, followed by infilling of quartz, felsic and mafic dyke, faulting of these structural controlled mineralization marked the uplift and intense fracturing of these rocks predominantly NE-SW is characteristic of the Pan-African Orogeny.Item Open Access GEOLOGY AND PETROGRAPHYOF ROCKS IN KADNA PART OF MINNA SHEET 164 SWNORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF APPLY AND NATURAL SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-05-29) Okpanachi, Christopher ObekpaThis work presents the Geology and Petrography of rocks around Kadna part of Minna Sheet 164 SW North Central Nigeria which lies within latitudes 9°33’00”N to 9° 34’15’ N and longitudes 6035’00” E to 6° 37’305,E on a scale of 1:25 000 with the aim of studying the detail geology through petrography of rocks in the area, delineate geologic boundaries between different rocks, identify the economic viability of the rocks and to produce the geologic map and cross section of the area. Geologically, the study area is part of the .1 : : !j Precambrian Basement Complex of North Central Nigeria. Three different schists were mapped, namely: biotite schist, amphibolite schist and garnet bearing schist. Three representative samples were collected systematically from the fifteen field samples and were ; taken to the petrography laboratory of the Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi for petrographic analysis. Results of the petrographic analysis revealed that the major mineral composition of Biotite schist include biotite, muscovite and quartz. i The mineral composition of the amphibolite schist include muscovite, biotite and quartz. j Also the petrographic studies reveals that the garnet bearing schist composed of garnet, muscovite, and biotite. Structurally, the biotite schist is characterized by fractures which are formed as a result of tensile strain on the rock surface and veinlets which both trends in NNESSW and NW-SW. The joints on the amphibolite schist majorly trends NE-SW, NNE-SSW and occurs as a set consisting of some parallel joints together. Veinlets observed on the garnet bearing schist are mainly quartz veins which trends NW-SE, NE-SW. From the field observations and the result of the petrographic analysis, the rocks around Kadna are believed to be metasediments of the Precambrian Basement Complex of North-Central Nigeria.Item Open Access GEOLOGY OF THE AREA AROUND ANGWAN LAMBU PART OF KEFFI SHEET 208 NE(DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2019-04-16) George, Banjamin TanyiAn Independent geological field mapping of the area around Anguwan Lanbu, part of Keffi Sheet 208NE, which covered an area extent of about 25Km2 was carried out on a scale of 1:12,500. The area lies within Latitudes: 8046'00"N and 8051'0"N, and longitudes 7052'00"E and 7057’00"E. The research was aimed at studying the geology and geochemistry of the area and hence, produces a geological map of the study area. Method of study involved field work to identify rock units as well as structural features, petrographical and geochemical analyses of the sample. The geological mapping carried out revealed three major lithological units namely: granite gneiss, granite and schist. Structural features observed included fault, joint, veins, foliation me fold. Rose plots of these features showed a dominant NE-SW trend. Based on the result obtained from petrographical analysis, the granite has mineral assemblage of quartz, biotite, and microcline, while the granite gneiss has a mineral assemblage of quartz, biotite, and plagioclase. Petro-chemistry of the rock units shows similar geochemical characteristics, the rock are characterized by a wide range in SiO2. The rocks display slightly linear major element trend and progressive rise in SiO2, A12O3 and K2O ratios. Based on field, petrographic and pretrochemical features, the granite gneiss ’ and the granites of Anguwan Lanbu high, were lacerated in a collision related tectonic setting (Pan African Orogeny) and genetically related to a common source by fractional crystallization. Economic mineral resources within the study area included industrial minerals, and construction materials.