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Open Access
Effect of Aluminium Phosphide on Some Nutrients and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Arachis hypogaea
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-31) Carole, Nweze Chibuzor; Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Dallah, Aminu; Danjuma, Belove Tsalla
To comparatively study the effect of aluminium phosphide preservative on some nutrientional and anti-nutritional factors in Arachis hypogaea. Study Design: Randomized design Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi between May and August, 2019. Methodology: Two portions of A. hypogaea weighing 500g each, were obtained, one portion preserved with Aluminium phosphide tablet while the second portion was without any preservative. The preservation lasted for 30 days after which the A. hypogaea was blended using a mechanical blender before analysis for nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions. Result: The proximate compositions were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the NAPP than APP except the fiber (03.01±0.06 mg/100 g; 03.80±0.06 mg/100 g) and ash (01.00±0.06 mg/100 g; 02.23±0.06 mg/100 g). Carbohydrates (07.40±0.06 mg/100 g; 03.48±0.06 mg/100 g), protein (19.93±0.06 mg/100 g; 14.94±0.06 mg/100), fat (74.60±0.06 mg/100g; 68.08±2.75 mg/100 g), and moisture content (06.40±0.06 mg/100 g; 3.00±0.06 mg/100 g). Exception of phosphorus(65.00±0.06mg/100g; 63.00±0.06mg/100g), the minerals concentration was significantly(p<0.05) higher in NAPP compared to APP. Iron (76.20±0.06 mg/100 g; 62.00±0.06 mg/100 g), potassium (38.01±0.06mg/100 g; 26.20±0.06mg/100g), manganese (26.02±0.06mg/100g; 15.10±0.06 mg/100 g), magnesium (11.00±0.06mg/100g; 06.00±0.06 mg/100 g), calcium (82.10±0.06 mg/100 g; 72.00±0.06 mg/100 g) and zinc (25.01±0.06 mg/100 g; 14.01±0.06 mg/100 g).The anti-nutritional factors showed significant difference (p<0.05) higher in tannin (9.33±0.69 mg/100 g; 1.90±0.02 mg/100 g), oxalate (32.50±0.60 mg/100 g; 42.50±.60 mg/100 g), phytate (16.72±0.60 mg/100 g; 5.48±0.60 mg/100 g), alkaloid (16.72±0.60 mg/100g; 5.48±0.60 mg/100 g) and saponins (40.74±0.60 mg/100 g; 38.20±0.60 mg/100 g) except cyanide (0.02±0.00 mg/100 g; 0.02±0.00 mg/100 g). Conclusion: The study showed that aluminium phosphide negatively affected the nutritional profile of A. hypogaea. Thus, the effect of aluminium phosphide should be further investigated in vivo.
Open Access
Comparative Evaluation of Phyto Chemical Composition and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of N-Hexane Extract Of Two Types of Ipomoea Batatas and Standard Nutraceutical
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-02-10) Carole, Nweze Chibuzor; Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Ukamaka, Ijeomah Ann; Bamidele, James; Iliasu, Muhammed Jimoh
The plant tuber, I. batatas may be regarded as a functional food if found to contain some beneficial bioactive compounds which may improve health and management of diseases. The current study comparatively evaluated the phytochemical composition, invitro antioxidant activity as well as free radical scavenging properties of n-hexane extract of white I. batatas and pink I. batatas with a standard synthetic nutraceutical. All analyses followed standard methods. Phytochemical analysis of the I. batatas revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and phenol in the extracts of the two I. batatas pecies. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the pink I. batatas (36.27±0.01, 38.71±0.01, 49.34±0.01, 53.59±0.01, 54.63±0.01) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to the standard neutraceutical (39.18±0.01, 43.65±0.01, 43.93±0.01, 54.19±0.01, 57.24±0.01). Ascorbic acid (15.48±2.94 mg/dl) and Vitamin B2 (1.30±0.26 mg/dl) concentrations in the pink I. batata extract were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to the standard Nutraceutical (11.81±8.04) and (1.16±0.02) resspectively. A higher percentage inhibition of the radical “ferric ion” by the white and pink I. batatas was higher when compared to the standard nutraceutical. The 2,2‟-Azinobis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher by the white (75.19±0.01, 75.66±0.02, 73.56±0.01, 71.94±0.03, 69.36±0.01) and the pink (77.45±0.01, 75.22±0.01, 76.73±0.01, 74.64±0.01, 72.37±0.01) compared to the standard nutraceutical (74.17±0.01,74.36±0.01, 75.46±0.01, 74.28±0.01, 72.10±0.01). Hydrogen peroxide decomposition activity was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the white (55.59±0.02) and pink (57.63±0.01) I. batatas at 0.4 mg/ml sample concentrations compared to the standard nutraceutical. The results of this research showed that the white and pink I. batata extracts are rich in phytochemicals and vitamins and possess free radical scavenging and inhibiting abilities, indicating their prospects of being used as natural nutraceuticals and could serve as alternatives to the synthetic nutraceuticals which are often expensive and inaccessible by rural dwellers.
Open Access
Changes in Some Biochemical Parameters and Body Weights of Healthy Albino Rats Following Palm-wine Administration
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-11-12) Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Nwaikuku, O.B.; James, B.A.; Musa, N.; Valentine, R.
Aims: To evaluate the effect of palm-wine administration on liver function, antioxidant parameters and body weights in albino rats. Study Design: Randomized block design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria between June and August, 2019. Methodology: Twenty adult male albino rats were divided in to five groups of four rats each, group 1 was the control. The experimental groups were administered fresh and prolonged-fermented palm-wine thus; Group 2: 15ml/ of fresh palm wine, Group 3; 15ml/ kg of prolonged fermented palm wine, Group 4; 30ml/ kg of fresh palm wine, Group 5; 30 ml/ kg of prolonged fermented palm wine, for 28 days. Results: AST activity decreased significantly (P<0.05) in groups 3 (9.615±0.225), 4 (9.860±0.162) and 5 (9.390±0.624) when compared to the control (10.505±0.121). ALT activity was observed to decrease significantly (P<0.05) in group 5 (7.415±0.548) when compared to control. ALP decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group 3 (7.395±0.710) when compared to control (8.250±0.577). Total Bilirubin, was significantly (P<0.05) lower in groups 3 (0.120±0.041) and 5 (0.170±0.012) compared to control (0.650±0.012). MDA decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in groups 2, 3 and 5 compared to control. SOD decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group 2 (2.735±0.110) compared to control (2.990±0.012). Groups 4 (2.700±0.046) and 5 (2.710±0.346) showed significant (P< 0.05) decrease in GPX when compared to control. GSH was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in groups 4 (5.950±0.058) and 5 (5.925±0.064) compared to control (3.110±0.035). By the third week, the mean body weights of the rats significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all the groups compared to week 2. Conclusion: Palm-wine did not exert remarkable toxic effect on the liver biomarkers and may not have induced oxidative stress but reduced body weights of the rats in the third week of administration
Open Access
Analysis of Liver Function Biomarkers and Histopathology in Plasmodium Berghei-Infected Albino Mice Treated with Sodium Bicarbonate
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-09-07) Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Okey, Enemali M.; Isiah, Achimugu I.; Ali, Andafu T.; Jimoh, Yusuf Z.; Nweze, Chibuzo C.
Malaria still remains an endemic disease especially in Sub-saharan Africa. The current study was aimed at evaluating liver function biomarkers and histology in albino mice following their infection with Plasmodium berghei and treated with Sodium Bicarbonate. Twenty mice were divided into five groups of four each. Groups 1; normal control, group 2; infected with P. berghei, untreated, groups 3, 4, 5; infected, treated 84mg/kg NaHCO3 once, twice and thrice respectively. Blood samples and liver were collected for analysis of liver function biomarkers and histopathology by standard procedures. AST was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 5 (13.33±0.707) when compared to the control (11.33±0.707). ALP activity increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 5 (11.76±0.707) when compared to the control (10.29±0.707). Total protein increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the test groups; 2 (4.29±0.007), 3 (4.09±0.007), 4 (4.46±0.007) and 5 (4.65±0.007) when compared to the control (4.05±0.007). Albumin increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the test groups; 2 (3.58±0.007), 3 (3.76±0.007), 4 (3.61±0.007) and 5 (3.58±0.007) compared to the control (3.57±0.007). Total bilirubin concentration significantly (p<0.05) decreased in groups 3 (0.42±0.007), 4 (0.47±0.007) and 5 (0.48±0.007) compared to the control. Direct bilirubin concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups 4 (0.20±.007) and 5 (0.22±.007) compared to the control (0.15±.007). Photomicrograph images showed inflammation in group 2; infected, not treated. Sodium bicarbonate did not play ameliorative role against plasmodium berghei infected liver.
Open Access
Assessment of the Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Seed Extract of Garcinia kola on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rat Models
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-19) Ayuba, R.B.; Enemali, M.O.; Mairiga, Jamey Peters; Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Ani, O.N.
Aims: To assess the effect of G. kola ethanol seed extract on CCl4-induced liver toxicity in albino rats. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out. Study Design: Randomized block design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria between January and August, 2019. Methodology: Thirty male albino rats were randomly distributed into six groups of five rats each. Group 1, normal control, Group 2, standard control, groups 3–6, test groups all administered for seven days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and liver harvested for histology Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids; 1.260±0.00 mg/dl, tannins; 920±0.00 mg/dl, flavonoids; 2.045±0.00 mg/dl, Carbohydrates; 2.00±0.00 mg/dl, Steroids; 0.012±0.00 mg/dl and Cardiac glycosides; 1.25±0.00 mg/dl, saponins, terpenes and anthroquinones were absent. AST in groups 3, 4 and 5 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to control. ALT was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in all the treatment groups (4, 5, 6) compared to the control groups (1 and 2). ALP activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the test groups compared to the normal control. Total bilirubin increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the treatment groups compared to the controls. Direct Bilirubin was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the treatment groups (5, 6) compared to the normal control. GSH decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups compared to the control. CAT and SOD showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Photomicrographs of the liver showed ballooning degeneration with complete loss of nuclear material. Conclusion: The administered doses in this study did not protect against CCl4 induced liver toxicity in albino rats.
Open Access
Isolation and Growth Characterization of an Acrylamide-degrading E. cloacae strain UPM2021a Isolated from a Paddy Field
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-12-24) Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Adamu, Faggo Abdullahi; Manogaran, Motharasan; Yasid, Nur Adeela; Shukor, Mohd Yunus
Acrylamide is a suspected carcinogen and a global pollutant. The presence of acrylamide in the soil is a major source of this chemical. Microbe-mediated acrylamide breakdown as a bioremediation technique is gaining popularity across the world. Several bacteria capable of digesting acrylamide have been identified in paddy field soils. The best isolate was a bacterium identified tentatively as E. cloacae strain UPM2021a based on cultural, colony morphology and biochemical tests. According to early studies, ideal growth parameters included a pH range of 6.5 and 7.5 and a temperature range of 25 to 35 degrees Celsius. Acrylamide dosages of up to 2500 mg/L were explored as a single nitrogen supply. The greatest growth occurs between 300 and 1000 mg/L of acrylamide, resulting in an approximate nett growth of 3 log CFU/mL when compared to the control. Growth was practically tolerated at 1700 mg/L, and growth stopped entirely at concentrations above 2000 mg/L. Toxic heavy metals such as mercury, copper, chromium, and cadmium hampered acrylamide development with mercury being the strongest inhibitor whilst other metal ions such as copper, cadmium, and chromium show from 30 to 50% inhibition whilst lead was the least inhibiting. The relatively high tolerant of acrylamide makes this bacterium suitable for remediation of soil contaminated with acrylamide whilst its sensitivity to heavy metals chiefly mercury means metal-chelating or sequestering compounds must be added to soil contaminated with both acrylamide and heavy metals.
Open Access
Isolation and Growth Characterization of an Acrylamide-degrading Bacillus sp. strain UPM2021n Isolated from the Juru River
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-12-12) Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Adamu, Faggo Abdullahi; Manogaran, Motharasan; Yasid, Nur Adeela; Shukor, Mohd Yunus
Polyacrylamide, in which acrylamide is the primary component, degrades back into acrylamide over time. Major amounts of acrylamide can be found in soil. The bioremediation strategy of using microbes to break down acrylamide is gaining popularity in many parts of the world. Several acrylamide-degrading bacteria have been isolated from sediment from the Juru River’s bank. The best isolate was a bacterium identified tentatively as Bacillus sp. strain UPM2021n based on cultural, colony morphology and biochemical tests. According to early studies, ideal growth parameters included a pH range of 6.5 and 7.0 and a temperature range of 25 to 35 degrees Celsius. Both glucose and sucrose performed at a similar level in supporting the growth of this bacterium on acrylamide as the sole nitrogen source. The highest growth occurs in between 300 and 500 mg/L of acrylamide, resulting in a growth of nearly 7.7 log CFU/mL with a nett growth of about 4 Log CFU/mL as compared to the control. Growth was nearly tolerated at the highest concentrations tested, which was 1500 mg/L and growth completely ceased at higher concentrations Toxic heavy metals tested such as mercury, copper, chromium, and cadmium showed that mercury strongly hampered growth on acrylamide whilst other metal ions such as copper, lead, cadmium, and chromium showed from 30 to 60% inhibition. The relatively high tolerance of acrylamide makes this bacterium suitable for remediation of soil contaminated with acrylamide whilst its sensitivity to heavy metals chiefly mercury means metal-chelating or sequestering compounds must be added to soil contaminated with both acrylamide and heavy metals.
Open Access
Isothermal Modelling of the Adsorption of Lead(II) Onto an Antarctic Sea-Ice Bacterial Exopolysaccharide
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-07-21) Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Ya'u, Murtala; Marbawi, Hartinie; Yasid, Nur Adeela; Shukor, Mohd Yunus
The biosorption of the biosorption of lead(II) onto an Antarctic sea-ice bacterial exopolysaccharide is remodeled using nonlinear regression and the optimal mode was determined by a series of error function assessments. The Sips model performed best in statistical tests including root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF), and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) which is not the same to the originally published work using a linearized form where the Langmuir and Freundlich models best represent the biosorption and the maximum biosorption capacity. The calculated Sips parameters kS (l/g) value of 0.10 (95% confidence interval from 0.08 to 0.13), a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity qmS (mg/g) value of 252.88 (95% C.I. from 222.13 to 283.64) and nS (Sips model exponent) value of 1.16 (95% C.I. from 1.34 to 1.98). This study indicates that a different isotherm model can be obtained using nonlinear regression compared to the popular linearized form that may give relatively inaccurate outcome.
Open Access
Isothermal Modelling of the Adsorption of Cadmium onto Activated Carbon from Tridax procumbens
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-06-24) Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Ya'u, Murtala; Basirun, Ain Aqilah; Sabullah, Mohd Khalizan; Yasid, Nur Adeela; Shukor, Mohd Yunus
There is currently no feasible method of recycling Cd compounds, despite the fact that Cd production, consumption, and environmental release have all skyrocketed in recent decades. This raises serious concerns about the potential dangers of Cd compounds to human health. This highlights the pressing need for cadmium pollution cleanup. Biosorption is one of several viable technologies with several advantages, including low operating costs, very efficient detoxification of toxicants at low concentrations, and a low amount of disposal materials. The biosorption of cadmium onto activated carbon from Tridax procumbens is remodeled using nonlinear regression and the optimal mode was determined by a series of error function assessments. The Freundlich model performed best in statistical tests including root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF), and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). This is in contrast to the published work using a linearized form where the Langmuir model best represents the biosorption. The calculated Freundlich parameters kF value using nonlinear regression was 1.501 (1/g) (95% confidence interval from 1.223 to 1.778) and nF value of 4.943 (95% C.I. from 3.492 to 6.393). Confidence intervals for the uncertainty range can be calculated using nonlinear modeling and then used for model comparison and discriminant analysis.
Open Access
Isothermal Modelling of the Adsorption of Lead (II) Onto Activated Carbon from Tridax procumbens
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-05-25) Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Ya'u, Murtala; Basirun, Ain Aqilah; Yasid, Nur Adeela; Shukor, Mohd Yunus
Hypertension and kidney damage have been linked to lead exposure in adults. Any person can be harmed by lead, but pregnant women and their unborn children are especially vulnerable. Presently, lead pollution is removed using membrane separation, ion exchange, precipitation, and biosorption. Biosorption's low operating costs, high efficiency at detoxifying low concentrations of toxicants, and small volume of disposal materials make it the least problematic of these technologies. The biosorption of lead (II) onto activated carbon from Tridax procumbens is remodeled using nonlinear regression and the optimal mode was determined by a series of error function assessments. The Freundlich model performed best in statistical tests including root- mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF), and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) The calculated Freundlich parameters kF value using nonlinear regression was 1.334 (1/g) (95% confidence interval from 0.821 to 1.847) and nF value of 3.872 (95% C.I. from 1.972 to 5.771). Modelling using a nonlinear approach allows for the calculation of uncertainty range in terms of 95% confidence interval that would be useful for model comparison and discriminant in future studies
Open Access
Comparative Chemical Evaluation of Three Species of Melon (Cucumis melo, Cucurbita moschata and Cucumeropsis mannii) Seeds
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-07-09) Ajibe, Y.Y.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi
Aim: This study evaluates the nutritional composition of three species of melon seeds (Cucumeropsis mannii, Cucumis melo, and Cucurbita moschata). The seeds were obtained from Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Methodology: Phytochemical constituents and proximate composition was determined by the method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists method (AOAC). Vitamins, amino acids and minerals were determined by standard methods. Oils were extracted from the samples using soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane. Results: The result of phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenol, alkaloids, terpenes, triterpenes, cardiac glycoside, sterols, terpenoids and tannins in the three species. The proximate composition revealed that crude fat is high in all the samples with C. moschata having the highest (41.23%) while C. mannii have the highest crude protein (26.31%). The result also reveals that all the samples have low carbohydrate (11%, 14% &13%) for C. mannii, C. melo and C. moschata respectively. The result of mineral composition reveals that potassium is high in all the samples with C. moschata having the highest (84.62 mg/100g) while Cadmium is the lowest (0.06mg/100g). The varieties also contain β-carotene, α-tocopherol and Ascorbic acid where β-carotene is the most abundant in the three varieties. The amino acid composition revealed leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, glutamic acid serine and aspartic acid to be the highest in all the samples. The percentage oil yield from the seeds were 32.90%, 31.38%, and 37.28% for C. mannii, C. melo and C. moschata respectively. The physicochemical properties of the oil obtained revealed acid value (mgKOH/g) in the range of 0.38-0.53. Saponification value (mg/KOH/g) 152.5-168.3, Iodine value (g/I2/100g) 92.7-119.5 free fatty acid (%Oleic) 2.34-3.66. Peroxide value (meqKOH/g) 4.56- 6.38 and the pH in the range of 6.09-6.18 for C. mannii, C. melo and C. moschata respectively. Conclusion: The three melon seeds species contain almost similar nutritional composition. This justified the use of the melon seeds for industrial, food, medicinal and cosmetic purposes.
Open Access
Studies on the Effect of Tephrosia linearis (Wild) Pers. Aqueous Extract on Jatropha curcas Oil Induced Hemorrhoids in Rats
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-03-06) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, Yusuf Bawa; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi; Eleojo, E.
Treatments of hemorrhoids by traditional medical practitioners using various plant species has been a long standing practice in various parts of Nigeria. This project work was carried out to ascertain and to evaluate the claim of traditional medical practitioners in the North-Eastern Nigeria on the effect of the plant species, Tephrosia linearis (Wild) Pers. in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Twenty Wister rats both male and female were used in this research work. A hemorrhoid model was prepared by the means of application of Jatropha oil into the rectum of rats. A cotton swab soaked with the inducer for 60 seconds was inserted into the anus of rats for 60 seconds. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group 1 (healthy rats), Group 2 (induced and untreated), Group 3 (induced and treated with standard, Daflon 10mg/kg b.w), Group 4 (induced and treated with aqueous extract of T. linearis 200mg/kg b.w) and Group 5 (induced and treated with aqueous extract of T. linearis 600mg/kg b.w). The results of the study observed were as follows; Group A; 1.52 + 0.29, Group B; 3.85 + 0.05, Group C; 1.95 + 0.48, Group D; 1.70 + 0.14 and Group E; 1.70 + 0.40. The results obtained indicated that the rectoanal tissues of the rats in Group C,D, and E increased when compared to the control, Group A. The rectoanal tissues of the rats in Group B however experienced significant increase. From the study, extract of T. linearis presented the strongest anti-hemorrhoid activity in rats than Daflon 500. The use of this plant as treatment for hemorrhoids by traditional medicine practitioners in North-East Nigeria is justified by this study.
Open Access
Diclofenac predisposes benign prostate hyperplasia in fat feed albino rats
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-01-10) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Abdullahi, Halima Sadiya; Muhammad, Yusuf Bawa; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi; Muhammad, Ruqaiyatu Muhammad; Ubaoji, K.I.
Background: An attempt to establish the possible cause(s) of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in fat feed albino rats treated with diclofenac (DCF)-potassium (K) was performed to ascertain its likely translational relationship in humans. Methods: Thirty-five male wistar albino rats of 24 weeks old were divided into five groups of 7 animals each were used. Group 1; the normal control (NC) was injected subcutaneously with the vehicle (olive oil) only and served normal diet. Group 2; standard group treated with testosterone propionate in olive oil (3 mg/kg b. wt.). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were fed with the standard feed mixed with animal fat (sourced from roasted meat/condiments in aluminium foils) in 20, 40 and 80% portions, then treated with DCF-K in solution as low (2 mg/kg b. wt.), mid (4 mg/kg b. wt.), and high (6 mg/kg b. wt.) doses, respectively. The blood samples collected were analysed for prostate specific antigen (PSA), hematological parameters, kidney and liver function. Results: Group 3 showed the highest PSA elevation (p<0.05) when compared to the control and the untreated group. There was a significant elevation (p<0.05) in WBC levels compared to all other groups. PCV, MCV, NEUT, MONO and EOSIN levels increased significantly (p<0.05) across all groups. Significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in liver and kidney parameters compared to the untreated groups. Significant (p<0.05) elevation in total cholesterol and LDL- C levels across the groups was observed. The DCF-K treated groups showed increase in several parameters compared to the untreated groups. Conclusions: It was obvious that fatty diet and use of DCF-K contributed to the observed hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hence predisposed tissue damage and inflammation which conjunctly elevated PSA.
Open Access
Phytochemical Constituents, Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Composition of Persea americana Seeds
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-06-06) Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Emmanuel, V.; Oyedeji, T.A.
Persea americana is a tropical plant commonly found in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. The fruit is mostly eaten as food. The fruits, leaves and seeds are used in folkoric medicine in the management of various ailments. However, there is paucity of information on the nutritional components and phytochemical constituents of the seeds. This study investigated the proximate composition, phytochemicals (qualitative and quantitative), Pro-vitamin A and vitamin C, minerals content, amino acid profile and anti-nutrients of Persea americana seeds. Phytochemical, nutritional, vitamin, mineral, amino acid analyses and anti-nutritive factor of P. americana seeds were carried out according to standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical screening of P. americana seeds revealed the presence of saponin, cardiac glycosides, terpenoid, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of phytochemicals showed the presence of phenol (3.22mg/100g), alkaloids (1.86 mg/100g), saponins (0.95 mg/100g) and flavonoids (2.14 mg/100g). The proximate composition of P. americana seeds shows moisture (6.98%), ash (4.44%), fat (5.30%), crude fibre (3.31%), crude protein (11.20%) and carbohydrate (68.77%). The result for vitamin reveals the presence of vitamin C (24.1mg) and Pro-vitamin A (12.3IU). Also, mineral analysis showed the presence of sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, chromium, potassium and lead in varying concentration. Amino acid analysis of the seed showed that the concentration of total amino acid was 54.53g/100g protein while, the total essential amino acid was 26.33g/100g protein. The total non-essential amino acid present in the seed was 28.20g/100g protein with a very high proline concentration (6.50g/100g). The anti-nutrient contents of the seeds revealed the presence of tannin, oxalate, saponins, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides and phytate. The results obtained from this study indicated that P. americana seeds is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. This study therefore suggests that the seeds of P. americana may be developed in to supplements that may have beneficial effects on the nutrition and health of humans.
Open Access
INVESTIGATING THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF PROCEESSED CHEESE, SOY AND NUNU MILKS CONSUMED IN ABUJA AND KEFFI METROPOLISES OF NIGERIA
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-06-04) Okpara, M.U.; Madu, Paschal Chima; Shuaibu, B.S.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Isah, J.
Milk and its products are needed for proper body building. Processed cheese, nunu and soy milk consumed within Abuja and Keffi metropolises were analyzed for their mineral contents. X1, Y1, Z1 represents soy milk, nunu and cheese from Abuja metropolis while X2, Y2, Z2 represents sample from Keffi metropolis respectively. Calcium (265.53±0.25 mg/mL), iron (1.19±0.92 mg/mL), potassium (162.77±0.02 mg/mL) were found to be higher in cheese milk (Z1) from Abuja than that (225.82±0.13 mg/mL, 1.05±0.60mg/mL and 130.41±0.04 mg/mL) found in Keffi (Z2) examined respectively, though the amount of sodium present (151.0±0.08 mg/mL) in cheese (Z2) from Keffi is slightly higher than that (150.08±0.01 mg/mL) from Abuja (Z1). Also, Soya milk from Abuja (X1) had highest amount of zinc (0.76±0.00 mg/mL) while that of Keffi (X2) was 0.65±0.3 mg/mL, for magnesium and copper, higher values 18.40±010 mg/mL and 0.25±0.02 mg/mL were recorded for soy milk(X2) from Keffi while soy milk from Abuja(X1) had 17.97±0.20 mg/mL and 0.16±0.01 mg/mL respectively. Chromium was dictated in both cheese samples but not dictated in soya and nunu milks from both metropolises. It is seen from the investigation that cheese had more minerals followed by soya milk. Nunu milk sample had the least quantity of minerals; also all the samples analyzed have minerals present in them. Therefore, they are needed for the proper functioning of the body system
Open Access
Amelioration of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by aqueous seed extract of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) in albino rats
(Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-31) Bamidele, Titilayo O.; Enemali, Okey Michael; Isaiah, Nyshir; Haruna, Sunday Gambo
Plants being a reservoir of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potentials have been the source of raw materials for pharmaceutical industries. The present research investigated the phytochemical constituents and the ameliorating effects of aqueous seed extract of Carica. papaya on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Thirty rats weighing between 200g – 280g were randomly distributed into five groups of six rats each. Various doses of 5g/kg/12hr of 20% ethanol per day and (100, 200, 400) mg/kg/day oral doses of the extract were administered for 14 days, to groups C, D and E respectively. Group A took neither ethanol nor extract, while group B was given alcohol without the extract. The animals were sacrificed and biochemical parameters determined following standard protocols. Results showed that the significant increase (p<0.05) in serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and altered electrolytes concentration were reversed by the extract. The hepatic architecture was also preserved. It can be concluded that the extract has potential protective effects on the liver and kidney against ethanol-induced toxicity.
Open Access
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF Acacia hockii De WILD ON WOUND EXCISED ALBINO RATS
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-13) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Ater, M.M.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, B.Y.; Enemali, Michael Okey
The Fali tribe of Mubi, Adamawa State, uses the pulverized bark of Acacia Hockii De Wild (Kuffran) for treatment of wounds and traditional embalmment. This experiment was aimed at evaluating the wound healing potential of the aqueous extract of A. hockii De Wild bark on albino rats. A total of twelve rats were used for the experiment and the animals were divided into four groups (Gp) of three rats each. Gp 1-wounded-untreated; Gp 2- wounded, treated with petroleum jelly; Gp 3- wounded, treated with standard drug and Gp 4 - wounded, treated with A. hockii extract. Wound excision was done following standard procedures, while treatment was performed by topical application for 9 days, and healing was measured (cm) at intervals of 3 days. Results obtained, showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the percentage wound contractions in all the experimental groups, though the highest (11.00 ± 0.02%) was in the group 4 treated with A. hockii extract when compared to control group 1 (1.0 ± 0.65%), group 2 (5.33 ± 0.65%) and group 3 (6.83 ± 0.65%) which was observed between day 0 and day 3. The rate of wound contractions increased significantly (p < 0.0 5) by the 9th day when compared to the 3rd and the 6th day, respectively. Higher contractions were observed mostly in groups 4 and 3 when compared to the other groups (control and group 2). This research therefore provides scientific justification to the use of Acacia hockii De Wild bark powder in wound treatment and possibly having some antimicrobial activities as well.
Open Access
Physical and Proximate Compositions of Selected Milk Products in Abuja and Keffi Metropolis, Nigeria
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-05-04) Madu, Paschal Chima; Okpara, M.U.; Shuaibum, B.S.; Isah, J.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana
Milk and its products have been an important component of nutritional diet. Soymilk, nunu and processed cheese consumed within Abuja and Keffi metropolises were analyzed for their physical and proximate compositions. The pH, specific gravity and total titratable acidity of the samples were within the acceptable limits.The result of the proximate compositions indicated that fat, total solids, total solids non- fat, ash and protein were higher in cheese samples from Abuja and Keffi. The above compositions of soya milk samples from Abuja and Keffi did not vary. But the protein and total solids content of nunu from both metropolises were different. Fibre was found in soya milk samples and its protein and iron contents were higher than that in nunu sample thus a good substitute for alleviating protein malnutrition. At the end of this study, it was concluded that all the milk samples analyzed from Abuja and Keffi have good nutritional values.
Open Access
Evaluation of Diclofenac (DCF) Potassium as a Possible Predisposer of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Wistar Albino Rats
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-08) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Muhammad, Yusuf Bawa; Abdullahi, Halima Sadiya; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Ubaoji, K.I.; Adamu, Ruqaiyatu Muhammad
Background: Diclofenac (DCF) is a drug widely consumed in developing countries like Nigeria, because of its fast and immediate effect on pains. Objectives: The high number of adult males falling victims to BPH made DCF a suspect in the predisposition to BPH. Methods: Thirsty Six (36) Male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1; the Normal control (NC) was injected subcutaneously with olive oil only, Group 2; standard group treated with testosterone Propionate in olive oil (3 mg / kg b.wt.). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with Diclofenac, potassium in solution as low (2 mg / kg b.wt.), mid (4 mg / kg b.wt.), and high (6 mg / kg b.wt.) doses respectively. All animals were fed same diets throughout the twelve (12) weeks. After this period, the rats were allowed to fast overnight then Blood samples were collected and analyzed for liver function, kidney function, lipid profile, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and haematological parameters. Results: The result showed an elevation in liver parameters; ALT, ALP, AST, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin in the treatment groups compared to the control. Conversely, the concentration of Na+, Cl- and HCO3- revealed no significant difference compared to the control while urea and creatinine increased significantly. Haematological parameters showed increase in WBC, PCV, PLT in the treatments groups while RBC, Hg, MCV decreased. For lipid profile; Total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL increased significantly in the groups treated with mid and high dose DCF. Conclusion: The level of PSA was found to increase in all the treatment groups compared to the control. This result revealed that DCF-Potassium at high concentration can inter fare with the liver and kidney functions, lipid profile and haematological parameters as well as increasing PSA level. Thus, we conclude that persistent consumption of DCF can likely predispose to BPH.
Open Access
Aluminium and Zinc Concentrations in Raw and Roasted Fishes Wrapped with Foil consumed in Keffi Town, Nigeria
(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-06-06) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Adam, N.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, B.Y.; Ubaoji, K.I.; Chukeze, E.J.; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi
Aluminum (Al) and Zinc (Zn) levels was compared in three commonly eaten fishes;, African cat fish (Herterobranchus longifilis), tilapia fish (Tilapia niloticus) and cat fish (Synodontis clarias) to ascertain leaching from foil wrappers leading to toxicity. The fishes were washed, wrapped in aluminum foil and stored in the refrigerator (40C) for 1.5 hr, some were roasted in the oven at about 1500C. The fishes were chopped (fresh and roasted) and then homogenized into slurry. The slurry were transferred into test tubes, centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and clear supernatant were collected aseptically and labeled (A1, 2, 3, B1, 2, 3 and C1, 2, 3). The condiments used were weighed about 800 g/850 – 1200 g per fish, grinded into slurry, with a blender. The slurry was further centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and the clear supernatant ascetically collected into clean test tubes (D1, 2, 3) and analyzed. Three cone shaped foil (E1, 2, 3) holding 10 ml of distilled water were allowed to stand for 3 hrs and carefully placed in an oven and heated (1200C) for 1.5 hr, was cooled and then analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian AA240). The results obtained showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in Al and Zn levels, possibly due to temperature and pH factors. The Al and Zn levels in the fish slurries was (0.127 ± 0.02 - 0.146 ± 0.03 mg/g) and (0.148 ± 0.03 – 0.180 ± 0.03 mg/g), respectively. These were extremely below WHO recommended value of 1mg/day and 15 mg/day for Al and Zn respectively. This study contradicts the media hype about toxic amount of Al and Zn leached into roasted fish in foil wrappers. Hence, the amount of Al and Zn in the tested species of fish are below the acceptable WHO value and thus, not poisonous.