Browsing by Author "Usman, Halima Osu"

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    COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF SOILS IN NASSARAWA – EGGON TOWN AND ENVIRONS, CENTRAL NIGERIA.
    (Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-21) Umbugadu, A. A.; Goki, N.G.; Kana, A.A.; Usman, Halima Osu
    The study was conducted to study the complication arising from compaction curves of soils in Nassarawa – Eggon, North – Central Nigeria. Twenty representative samples were studied and the British Standard 1377 methods of sampling and analysis were employed for the grain size distribution and compaction. The soils are predominantly silty sand. Values of the optimum moisture content range from 10.0 g/cm3 – 34.5 g/cm3 while the maximum dry density values range from 1.61% to 1.88%. The compaction pattern can be noticed from samples AUS 14 to AUS 20 that the maximum dry density decreases because of the nature of the soil, being a boundary between the basement and sedimentary. The investigation has established two types of compaction curves: the single regular peaks and the irregular peaks, signifying the degree of compaction and nature of the soils.. There is a correlation between the soil index properties; water content and dry density on the kind of curves.
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    Enhanced Oil Recovery Using C02 Flooding: Nome Field E-Segment Case Study
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-01-04) Iliya, M.M.; Okereke, N.U.; Usman, Halima Osu
    Background: The Nome field is located 80 km north of the Heidrun field in the Norwegian Sea discovered in December 1991. Aim: The feasibility of using C02 flooding as a method of enhanced oil recovery in a segment of the Nome field was analysed. Methods: A numerical simulation using a black oil simulator approach was taken. For this study, a synthetic reservoir model, with fluid and rock properties from Nome field E-Segment was used to test the effect of C02 flooding on recovery factor. Results: The key findings are as follows: (1) The oil recovery of the base case after 7 years of water flooding was 40% (2) The recovery factor obtained after 15 years of continuous C02 injection was 32%. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is a feasibility of carrying out C02-E0R in the Nome field based on initial CQ2-EOR screening and simulation.
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    Enhanced Oil Recovery Using CO2 Flooding: Norne Field E-Segment Case Study
    (Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-02-14) Iliya, M.M.; Okerere, N.U.; Usman, Halima Osu
    Background: The Norne field is located 80 km north of the Heidrun field in the Norwegian Sea discovered in December 1991. Aim: The feasibility of using CO2 flooding as a method of enhanced oil recovery in a segment of the Norne field was analysed. Methods: A numerical simulation using a black oil simulator approach was taken. For this study, a synthetic reservoir model, with fluid and rock properties from Norne field E-Segment was used to test the effect of CO2 flooding on recovery factor. Results: The key findings are as follows: (1) The oil recovery of the base case after 7 years of water flooding was 40% (2) The recovery factor obtained after 15 years of continuous CO2 injection was 32%. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is a feasibility of carrying out CO2-EOR in the Norne field based on initial CO2-EOR screening and simulation.
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    EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FROM SHALLOWHAND-DUG WELLS FOR DOMESTIC AND IRRIGATION USES IN TUDUNWADAAND ENVIRONS, PARTS OF ALKALERI SHEET 150 AND YULI SHEET 171, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-01-11) Kana, M.A.; Ancho, I.M.; Usman, Halima Osu
    The study centres on the hydrochemistry of groundwater from shallow hand-dug wells in Tudun Wada and environs intending to evaluate its quality for domestic and irrigation uses. The area is underlain by both basement and sedimentary rocks. The basement rocks in the area include porphyritic biotite granite and granitic gneiss while sedimentary rocks includes and stone, claystone and shale. Ten (10) pairs of water samples (totalling twenty (20) samples –that is, two samples were collected from a point) were randomly collected from hand dugwells in the study area and analyzed for major cations and anions. The dominant cations and anions were in the order of Mg > Ca > Na > K and HCO3> Cl > NO3>SO4respectively. Results of the water quality analysis were compared with the standards set by the World Health Organization and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Geochemical values of the water samples analyzed showed that groundwater from hand-dug wells in the area are suitable for domestic uses. Groundwater quality from hand-dug wells in the area was also analyzed for its suitability or otherwise, for irrigation using Sodium Absorption Ratio, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Kelley Index, Magnesium Ratio, Percentage Sodium, Permeability Index, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, and Electrical Conductivity parameters respectively. The result revealed that groundwater from hand-dug wells in the area is good for irrigation according to Sodium Absorption Ratio, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Total Dissolved Solids, Percentage Sodium, Kelley Index, and Permeability Index; poor according to Magnesium Ratio, and partly good according to Electrical Conductivity. The sources of dissolved chemical constituents of groundwater in Tudun Wada and its environs are rocks (sandstone, claystone, shale, porphyritic biotite granite, and granitic gneiss). This is because all the sample points’ fall within the region of rock dominance based on Gibbs’ plot.
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    Evaluation ol Groundwater Quality From Shallow Hand-Dug Wells for Domestic and Irrigation uses in Tudun Wada and environs, Parts of Alkaleri Sheet 150 and Yuli Sheet 171, Northeastern Nigeria
    (Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State Univerisity Keffi, 2020-06-12) Kana, M.A.; Ancho, M.I.; Usman, Halima Osu
    1 he study centres on the hydrochemislry of groundwater from shallow hand-dug wells in Tudun Wada and environs intending to evaluate its quality for domestic and irrigation uses. The area is underlain by both basement and sedimentary rocks. The basement rocks in the area include porphyritic biotile granite and granitic gneiss while sedimentary rocks include sandstone, claystone and shale. Ten (10) pairs of water samples (totalling twenty (20) samples - that is. two samples were collected from a point) were randomly collected from hand dug-wells in the study area and analysed for major cations and anions. The dominant cations and anions were in the order of Mg > Ca > Na > K and I-ICO3 > Cl > NO;, > SO-i respectively. Results of the water quality analysis were compared with the standards set by the World Health Organization and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Geochemical values of the water samples analysed showed that groundwater from hand-dug wells in the area are suitable for domestic uses. Groundwater quality from hand-dug wells in the area was also analysed for its suitability or otherwise, tor irrigation using Sodium Absorption Ratio. Residual Sodium Carbonate, Kelley Index. Magnesium Ratio. Percentage Sodium. Permeability Index, Total Hardness. Total Dissolved Solids, and Electrical Conductivity parameters respectively. The result revealed that groundwater from hand-dug wells in the area is good for irrigation according to Sodium Absorption Ratio. Residual Sodium Carbonate, Total Dissolved Solids. Percentage Sodium. Kelley Index, and Permeability Index; poor according to Maunesium Ratio, and partly good according to Electrical Conductivity. The sources of dissolved chemical constituents of groundwater in Tudun Wada and its environs are rocks (sandstone, claystone. shale, porphyritic biotile granite, and granitic gneiss). This is because all the sample points' fall within the region of rock dominance based on Gibbs' plot.
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    Kwoi 2016 Multiple Tremors: An Emerging Geotourism Phenomenon
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-01-01) Goki, N.G.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Iyakwari, Shekwoyandu; Tanko, I.Y.; Kana, A.A.; Umbugadu, A.A.; Usman, Halima Osu
    For a stretch of three days, the residents of Kwoi, Central Nigeria were held hostage by what is now accepted as an earth tremor of magnitudes ranging between 2.9 and 3.1. In its initial stages, various versions of interpretations were given including religious and traditional myths. These triggered national and international attention making the area to be temporarily a tourist’s attraction of some sorts with different groups visiting and reporting different versions. The aim of this paper is to report first hand the occurrence of systematic cracks on rocks and buildings as well as the safety aspects associated with this tremor. The study confirms that this is a purely geoscientific phenomena triggered by deep seated tectonic movements manifested on the surface through short distance travel of the accompanying vibrations which lead to collapse and breakage of buildings. It is unpredictably episodic but relatively safe for tourists as an intra-cratonic tremor.
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    LITTIO-STRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE SOUTHERN BIDA BASIN, NIGERIA
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-11-01) Usman, Halima Osu; Obaje, N.G.; Nghargbu, K.
    The study area is the Southern Bida Basin (Lokoja Sub-basin), extending from Gada-Biyu in the Federal Capital Territory to the Agbaja Plateau in Kogi State of Nigeria. This area is geologically underlain by three rock units namely: the Lokoja, Patti and Agbaja Formations. The Lokoja formation composes of tine to medium coarse grained sandstone, poorly sorted associated with sedimentary structural features ranging from parallel lamination to cross bedding (herring bone structures) indicating continental environment of deposition with marine tidal influxes. Suspension settling in a low energy setting was attributed to the deposition of the Patti Formation with a lithologic composition of shales and siltstones which are rhythmically interbedded with concrctional to massive bioturbated ironstones. The Agbaja Formation composes of oolitic ironstones beds. The micropaleontological studies of the rocks in this area show that (he foraminiferal assemblages in Patti Formation are lowly diversified and dominated by four (4) genera, namely: Animbaculites, Milliammina, Trochamina and Textularia. This agglutinated benthonic foraminiferal assemblage indicates deposition of the Patti Formation in an anoxic shallow marine environment.
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    Near infrared sensors for minerals identification and discrimination in the extractive industries
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2014-01-06) Iyakwari, Shekwoyandu; Usman, Halima Osu; Umbugadu, A.A.
    This paper considers the early identification and discrimination of copper bearing minerals from their associated gangue minerals. The proposed mineral identification and discrimination is based on individual mineral spectral signature(s) in the near infrared region. Ten copper ore samples, sampled from Akiri mine, Akiri, Awe Local Government Area of Nasarawa State Nigeria were analysed. Individual samples were subjected to mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction equipment and elemental analysis using hand-held X-ray florescence equipment. Prior to the mineralogical and elemental analysis, samples were scanned with a near infrared line scanner. Results of the X-ray diffraction, X-ray florescence and near infrared were compared. The comparison indicated that in addition to the minerals identified by the XRD, other NIR-active minerals with concentration below the XRD detection limit (5%) were also detected by the near infrared line scanner. Hence, the near infrared line scanner had a better detection limit. Furthermore, eight out of the ten samples analysed showed a good correlation where near infrared and elemental data were compared
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    Petrography and Chemical Characteristics of Sandstone Facies from the Awe Formation, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-03-06) Usman, Halima Osu; Tanko, Ishak Yau; Kuza, T.; Obaje, N.G.
    The study area covers Old Awe town and its environs, part of Akiri sheet 232 S\V. This work focused mostly on the petrography and geochemistry to determine the characteristics of sandstone facies of the Awe Formation. The areas consist of mostly sandstone of the Cenomanian Awe Formation, with intercalation of bands of shales and clays, and \olcanics (basalt). Petrographic analysis of sandstone and basalt reveal minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica and olivine, pyroxene, quartz respectively. The dominant trend direction ot joint readings on sandstone shows NE-SW trend. Geochemical analysis of samples using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (ED-XRFS) analytical method show the presence of trace elements like Zn, Cr, Cu, Zr, Pb, Rb and Sr. Contour maps and bar charts show that most of the trace elements have concentration relatively higher above normal and their elevated concentrations may have adverse environmental and health effects in the area.
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    Petrography and Structural Characterization of rocks around Ragga part of Kura sheet 189 SW North-Central Nigeria
    (Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2016-11-17) Jatau, B.S.; Oloninyi, L. T.; Bingari, Hanly; Usman, Halima Osu
    The result of the mapping shows that the study area is underlain by the Basement Complex rocks comprising of gneisses, amphibolite, pegmatite and basalt. These host rocks are intruded by pegmatitic, quartz or quartzo-feldspathic veins. Petrographic studies show that the gneisses contain mainly quartz, plagioclase feldspar, muscovite and hornblende. The main minerals in the basalts are phenocrysts of pyroxene, plagioclase, magnetite and groundmass of clinopyroxene. The pegmatite mostly trends in a NE-SW and is mainly made up of quartz, plagioclase and muscovite. Petrographic studies showed that the granite gneiss contains mainly quartz, plagioclase feldspar, muscovite, hornblende and chlorite while the biotite gneiss revealed quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, muscovite, microcline and hornblende. Meanwhile the pegmatites contain mainly quartz, plagioclase, microcline and muscovite with little or no trace of mineralization. The noticeable structures within the rocks in the area include foliation (NE-SWVS), fractures and faults (NE-SW, E-W, NNW-SSE), veins in pegmatite (NE-SW), lineation (NWSE), joints folds and minor faults (N-W, NNE-SSW) that show cataclasis. These structural patterns could be useful in zone of mineralization, mineral concentration and control.
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    PETROGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALISATION POTENTIAL OF THE PEGMATITES OF JANJALA AREA, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA
    (Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-07-20) Tanko, I.Y.; Jatau, B.S.; Usman, Halima Osu
    The petrographic, geochemical and mineralogical investigations of the pegmatites of Janjala area, North Central Nigeria was carried out with the aim of understanding its mineralization potential. Petrographic studies were conducted in the petrographic laboratory of the Department of Geology and Mining Nasarawa State University Keffi, while the geochemical analysis was carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques in the ACME laboratory limited, Vancouver Canada and NGSA laboratory Kaduna, Nigeria using XRF techniques. The seven (7) lithological units identified in the area consist of the biotite schist, muscovite schist, fine grained muscovite granite, medium grained biotite granite, medium grained granite, porphyritic granite and pegmatites. All the pegmatites are uncomformably emplaced and restricted to the biotite schist unit in the area around Janjala and Mahanga villages. Petrographic studies reveal the major mineral as quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, muscovite; while accessory minerals comprise of lepidolite, beryl, clevelandite, sericite, sphene, tourmaline and zircon. Major oxides and trace element contents indicate high fractionation and mineralization potential based on the variation plot of K2O vs Na2O, the relatively high values of Rb, Cs,Ta, Sn Nb, the K/Rb vs Rb and K/Rb vs Cs ratios which revealed that the pegmatites are relatively mineralized. Generally, the pegmatites in the Janjala area favourably compared well with other relatively mineralized rare-metal pegmatites of the North Central Nigeria, such as Wamba, Nasarawa and Keffi pegmatites.
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    Preliminary geological evidence for multiple tremors in Kwoi, Central Nigeria
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-01-09) Goki, Nathaniel; Onwuka, Solomon Anayo; Baba, Adama Oleka; Iyakwari, Shekwoyandu; Tanko, Ishak Yau; Abubakar, Aisha Kana; Umbugadu, A.A.; Usman, Halima Osu
    Preliminary field assessment of the geological evidence for the September 2016 multiple tremors was felt as far as 10 km in Nok and Chori villages in the north and northwest of Kwoi respectively. This involved systematic studies of the crack pattern and intensity on buildings, rocks and hanging walls of slopes around the area with the highest shock. The structural mapping was complemented by composite images of SPOT 5, supplementary subsurface investigations utilized aeromagnetic data, seismic data, and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for the area. Results show that the major evidence that proved a possible link to the area of highest impact is the tremor triggered displacement of a 4 by 3 m diameter rock boulder situated about a kilometre from the Kwoi town, some 3 km from the nearest epicentre that fell through a cumulative distance of 25 m, splitting the fresh granite boulder into two and creating a high impact scar on its path. Seismic vibrations that shook the residents of Kwoi and environs (with epicentres located along a NE-SW linear traverse and remotely coinciding with buried fractures) appear to have been generated and propagated laterally from the rocks along a northwest-southeast profile. Despite the non- homogenous strengths of the impacted buildings, the near-consistency of the E-W striking walls being the most fractured gives a remote connection with the major 345° to 015° fracture patterns on the granitic plutons that shields Kwoi town to the north. Additionally, the intensity of the fractures and collapse in the buildings increased south-westwards from the perceived area of highest impact. A possible tectonic origin related to stress build up in the rocks of the area for the tremors can be insinuated thereby foreclosing the theory of a non-tectonic origin being considered in some quarters including the recent Mpape Abuja tremor of 2018. All these epicentres plot along an extrapolated trend that coincides with the Chain Fracture Zone of the North Atlantic.
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    Preliminary Studies of Structures Controlling the Flow of Brine in the Awe Brine Field
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-01-05) Usman, Halima Osu; Usman, Halima Osu; Tanko, I.Y.; Obaje, N.G.
    Studies of the Awe brine field in the middle Benue Trough have revealed interesting structural features deserving a considerable attention. Some interesting field evidence points to the probability of the occurrence of dome structures in the brine bearing sediments. This brine field is underlain by Formations of Cretaceous age (Asu River Group, Awe, Keana and Ezeaku Formations). The tectonic set up in this brine field is * dominated by the Keana anticlinorium and brine is seen to issue from flanks of the transitional beds of the Awe Formation which have been exposed by erosion.ln Old Awe town, structural features mapped revealed dips of up to 14° to 30° to the north and south. Usually, close conjugate joint systems, infilled by silica revealed the same pattern as the major fold axis, thus contribute to the flow of brine in the field.
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    QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF COPPER BEARING MINERALS USING NEAR INFRARED SENSORS
    (Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-10-21) Oluwaseye, Ismail Folorunso; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Idzi, Amos Ambo; Kehinde, Hussein Okoro; Usman, Halima Osu
    Application of sensors for on-site fast identification and discrimination of dominant ore bearing particles from associated gangues in a complex ore is an important route in minerals exploration and extraction industries. This paper considers identification and discrimination of copper bearing minerals from associated gangues using near infrared sensors. Different copper bearing minerals in the Akiri copper ore are differentiated on the basis of their near infrared spectra behaviour. The near infrared spectra of individual samples are correlated with their mineralogy and chemistry as analysed by X-Ray diffraction and X-Ray fluorescence equipment, respectively. The obtained results indicated that the detection limit of the near infrared sensor is better than that of both X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence equipment used. Hence, in addition to the minerals identified by the X-ray diffraction equipment, other near infrared active minerals with concentration below the X-ray diffraction detection limit were also detected by the near infrared sensors
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    Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environments of the Tertiary Kerri-Kerri Formation, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria
    (Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-01-01) Usman, Halima Osu; Ancho, I.M.; Iliya, M.M.
    The sedimentary facies of Tertiary Kerri-kerri Formation around Maina Maji and environs was investigated to characterize their depositional facies and infer the depositional environments. Well exposed vertical profiles of the sediments were studied around abandoned mine, erosional channels, cliff drops and on top of hill for some exposures of grain supported conglomerate with special attention focused on their physical, internal and biogenic characteristics. The facies and facies associations in the lithostratigraphic units mapped include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and claystone. The conglomerate facies are moderately sorted; grain supported and mature, showing evidence of reworking and recycling. The sandstone facies are commonly compositionally mature, and contain clasts of reworked clays usually white in colour and this suggest high energy tidal channels and shoreface. The associated and kaolinitic claystones are interpreted as braided fluvial channels and floodplain deposits. The sedimentation pattern and characteristics suggest predominance of trangressive shallow marine processes occasionally incised by fluvial channels. The clay deposit associated with the floodplains may offer economic resource potential in the area