Browsing by Author "Ibrahim, T."

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    Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of the Crude Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous Bark and Seed Extracts of Citrullus lanatus Fruit
    (Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-05-06) Francis, O.I.; Jodi, S.M.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Ibrahim, T.
    Medicinal plants represent rich sources of potential antimicrobial agents. Studies on antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory properties of the ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous bark and seed extracts of Citrullus lanatus (C. lanatus) fruit was carried out. The bark and seed of C. lanatus were obtained from Karu market, Abuja and extracted separately with ethanol, methanol and water by cold maceration method. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were evaluated using agar well diffusion method against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. The Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the extracts were determined using agar dilution method.
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    Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from urine of patients with suspected urinary tract infections accessing Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria
    (Department of Microbiology, Nassarawa State University Keffi,, 2019-08-20) Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Bassey, E.B.; Pennap, G.R.; Makut, D.M.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ibrahim, T.; Tsaku, P.A.
    The wide use of antibiotics to treat urinary tract infection (UTIs) caused by bacteria is compromised by the development of resistance mechanisms in bacteria. This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from urine of patients with suspected UTI in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria. Four hundred urine samples of suspected UTI patients were collected and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for the isolates was carried out and interpreted as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The occurrence of the bacterium was 14.5 % (58/400). The occurrence was higher in female (15.8 %) than the male (12.5 %); and highest at > 50 years (31.8 %). The isolates were more resistant to ampicillin (79.3 %), streptomycin (62.0 %) and cefoxitin (58.6 %) but less resistant to gentamicin (15.8 %), imipenem (18.9 %) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (27.6 %). The occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates was 87.9%. The antibiotics namely gentamicin, imipenem and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were very effective against the isolates and most of the isolates were MDR. There is thus a need for the hospital to limit its antibiotic use in the light of these observations.
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    ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME SALMONELLA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM DIARRHOEAL STOOLS OF HIV PATIENTS IN KADUNA, NIGERIA
    (Department Of Science And Laboratory Technology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2016-04-09) Ibrahim, T.; Olonitola, O. S
    Antibiotic resistance is a growing phenomenom in contemporary medicine and has emerged as a serious public health concern of the 21st century in particular as it pertains to pathogenic organisms. A total of three hundred and ninety (390) stool samples of HIV seropositive individuals were screened for the presence of Salmonella using enrichment (selenite F broth) and selective (MCA,SSA and XLD) media. Biochemical identification tests were carried out using both the conventional and the Microgen Bioproduct identification system. Polyclonal antisera were employed for the slide agglutination tests. The standardized Kirby-Bauer technique was used for the antibiotic susceptibility testing where thirteen antibiotics were used. Three (3) Salmonella typhi and eleven (11) Salmonella typhimurium were isolated. Furthermore, 73% of Salmonella typhimurium isolated were resistant to ampicillin and Tetracycline respectively whereas all of the Salmonella Typhi were resistant to the antibiotics. Reduced susceptibility was observed with ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, septrin and streptomycin for Salmonella typhimurium while no resistance was encountered for Salmonella typhi. An increased susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium to chloramphenicol was observed but Salmonella typhi was completely susceptible. Ceftriaxone, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin and Amoxicillin showed effective antimicrobial activity against the Salmonella serovars and are therefore suggested as the drugs of choice for the treatment of Salmonellosis infections.
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    Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine of Patients in Nagari Allah Magani Hospital, Keffi, Nigeria
    (Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-05-05) Eko, K.O.; Jodi, S.M.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.
    Aim:This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in E. coli recovered from urine of patients attending Nagari Allah Magani Hospital, Keffi, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between January 2018 and July 2018. Methodology: Escherichia coli was isolated and identified from the urine of suspected UTIs patients by culture, microscopy and biochemical tests. Sample: We included 248 patients; (116 men, 132 women;age range 5-65 years). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of the isolates was carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method.
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    Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Commercial Poultry and Poultry Farm Handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-19) Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Tsaku, P.A.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.
    Aim: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from commercial poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Study Design: Investigative. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, from 1st November 2017 to 31th April 2018. Methodology: A total of 1500 samples (poultry droppings, poultry flesh, feeds, handlers’ faeces and hand swabs) were screened for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium using pre­enrichment and selective enrichment culture media. Subculture of inoculated samples was done on Salmonella Shigella agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were confirmedas serovar Typhimurium using both the conventional biochemical screening tests and Microgen Bio product GN identification system and slide agglutination test using polyvalent antisera. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation were carried out as described by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Resistance was highest to Augmentin (98.1%) and lowest to Imipenem (1.0%). No resistance was observed in all the isolates from poultry handlers to Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin and Streptomycin; but all were resistant to Ampicillin and Augmentin. The resistance of isolates from poultry and handlers to all the antibiotics is significant (χ 2 = 13.037; P = 0.01). Most (86.7%, 92/106) resistant isolates belong to the multiple drug resistance class.The distribution of classes of resistance of isolates from poultry and handlers is significant (χ2 = 318; P = 0.00). MARI is greater than 0.2. Conclusion: Salmonella Typhimurium with increasing multidrug resistance to antibiotics especially the β­lactam antibiotics has emerged in poultry.
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    Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-praduction in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
    (Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-19) Tsaku, P.A.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Ibrahim, T.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.
    Serious clinical concern has been raised globally over the continual evolution of pathogenic microorganismsthat are resistant to several chemotherapeutic agents,especially the beta-lactam antibiotics.
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    GENETIC RELATEDNESS OF ESBL AND NON-ESBL SALMONELLA TYPHIMURUM ISOLATED FROM POULTRY BIRDS AND POULTRY HANDLERS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
    (Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-11) Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Ishaleku, P.A.; Istifanus, Haruna Nkene; Abimiku, Rejoice Helma
    Multidrug resistant salmonellosis infection is an important global public health problem particularly in sub- Saharan Africa, where it commonly manifests as gastroenteritis and/or bloodstream infections in both children and adults. Salmonella Typhimurium has a broad-host-range and poultry birds are an important reservoir. The unrestricted use of Beta-lactams has generated resistance through a gene encoded Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme production, which impedes the successful therapy of infections. This study aims at investigating the genetic relatedness of ESBL and non-ESBL S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans and Poultry birds. A total of 19 S. Typhimurium isolated from Poultry (droppings, flesh, feeds) and handlers (feces, hand swabs) in a previous study were used. These had earlier been identified using pre-enrichment and selective enrichment culture media. Further identification was carried out using conventional biochemical screening tests and slide serology tests using polyvalent antisera. Antibiotic susceptibility testing including the Double Disk Synergy test (DDST) for screening of ESBL production was carried out as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. This study also employed the PCR-RFLP method which involves the simple restriction digestion of purified 16S rRNA of Salmonella and variation in the banding patterns revealed their genetic relatedness. All the strains were found to share identical molecular base profiles hence are genetically related variants. The selective pressure due to antibiotic mismanagement in Poultry farming is the likely trigger of ESBL production observed to occur only among the S. Typhimurium strains from poultry origin. This calls for a holistic approach in antibiotic stewardship.
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    Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli with Ciprofloxacin and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins Co-resistance from Patients Attending Tertiary Hospitals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-05-13) Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Bassey, E.B.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ibrahim, T.; Ibrahim, Y.
    Antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli remain the mainstay of its control. Molecular characterization of E. coli with ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins co-resistance from patients attending tertiary hospitals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria was investigated. Thirty-five isolates, 13 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia (DASHL) and 22 from Federal Medical Centre, Keffi (FMCK), were obtained from previous studies. Phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was by double disc synergy test. Genes for ESBL and plasmid-mediated quinolones resistance (PMQR) were detected using polymerase chain reaction. Molecular diversity of the isolates was analyzed using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Out of 35 isolates, 18 (54.5%) were ESBL producers, with higher occurrence in DASHL (54.5%) than FMCK (46.2%). The ESBL genes blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM were detected in both hospitals, with highest occurrence of 83.3% each for blaSHV and blaCTX-M in FMCK; and 66.7% for blaTEM in DASHL. The PMQR genes acc (6ʹ)-Ib-cr oqxAB, qnrB and qnrS were present in FCMK; but only qnrS was absent in DASHL. Occurrence of acc (6ʹ)-Ib-cr was highest (100.0%) in FMCK; while qnrB was highest (75.0%) in DASHL. The occurrence of strain A type isolates was higher in FMCK (100.0) than DASHL (83.33%), while no strain B type isolate in FCMK. The ESBL (blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM) and PMQR (acc (6ʹ)-Ib-cr oqxAB, qnrB and qnrS) genes were detected in the isolates. The most common circulating strain in both DASHL and FMCK was strain A, with no strain B in FCMK.
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    Molecular Diversity and Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from Patients Attending Selected Health Care Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-09-02) Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.; Tsaku, P.A.; Ibrahim, T.; Tama, S.C.; Ishaleku, D.; Pennap, G.R.I.
    Aims: This study investigated the molecular diversity and extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli isolated from patients attending selected healthcare facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between December 2017 and June, 2019. Methodology: A total of 207 confirmed E. coli isolates (using standard microbiological methods) from loose stool samples of patients with suspected cases of diarrhea (69 from Federal Medical Centre Keffi [MCK] 69 from General Hospital Akwanga [GHA] and 69 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia [DASHL]) were included in this study. Results: Phenotypic detection of ESBL production by β-lactam resistant isolates was done using double disc synergy test. Molecular detection of ESBL genes in phenotypically confirmed ESBL producers was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Out of 56 isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin from DASHL, FMCK and GHA, 53.6% (30/56) were ESBL producers, distributed in relation to the hospitals as follows: blaCTX-M in DASHL was 6(66.7%), FMCK was 11(100.0%), and GHA was 10(100.0%); blaSHV in DASHL was 8(88.9%), FMCK was 7(63.6%), and GHA was 10(100.0%), and blaTEM in DASHL was 9(100.0%), FMCK was 10(90.9%), and GHA was 10(100.0%). Also, the occurrence of blaSHV was 100.0% in GHA but 88.9% in DASHL. The detection DEC was high in DASHL (88.9%) but low inGHA (58.8%). The occurrence of ETEC was high in GHA (60.0%) while EAEC was also high in FMCK (81.8%) and GHA (70.0%). The isolates were distributed into strain A – J based on RFLP pattern and the occurrence of strain A was high in GHA (70.0%) but low in DASHL (33.3%). Conclusion: Most of the isolates were both diarrheagenic and ESBL resistant, and the predominant ESBL and pathotypes genes were blaCTX-M, blaTEM and EAEC. Further studies on molecular detection of sub-types of ESBL and sequencing of diarrheagenic pathotypes genes should be carried out.
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    Molecular diversity of multi-resistant and extended–spectrum beta lactamase– producing Escherichia coli from door handles in Lafia, central Nigeria
    (Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-07-13) Tsaku, P.A.; Ibrahim, T.; Istifanus, Haruna Nkene; Abimiku, Rejoice Helma; David, Ishaleku; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Ngwai, Y.B.
    Human hands have been implicated as a major source of dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms through fomites. This study investigated the diversity of ESBL-producing in E. coli isolates from door handles using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). An occurrence of 77(19.25%) of E. coli out of 400 samples was recovered from different locations. The study of antibiotics resistance showed that ampicillin, ceftazidime, and streptomycin were predominantly resistant. Multiple antibiotics resistance index of ≥0.3 was recorded in 73(94.81%) of the isolates. A total of 40 resistant phenotypes were observed in this study, with AMP-AUG-CAZ-CRO-S-CIP-SXT-TE-C being the commonest. Twenty isolates were characterised as Multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes, followed by, pan drug resistance (PDR) and extensive resistance (XDR) phenotypes recorded in 12 and 8 isolates respectively. Thirty-six (36) ESBL-producers were identified out of which 14 harboured blaTEM, while 5 and 9 were carriers of blaSHV and blaCTX-M respectively. Most of the isolates shared a common origin, as revealed by result of the RFLP. The outcome of this study suggests the need for improved personal hygiene and the need for all stakeholders to be proactive in curtailing the spread of resistant pathogens.
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    Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance of Escherichia coli from Patients Attending Selected Healthcare Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-09-10) Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E. B.; Tsaku, P.A.; Ibrahim, T.; Tama, S.C.; Ishaleku, D.; Pennap, G.R.I.
    Aims: This study investigated the phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli isolated from diarrheic patients attending some major health facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between December, 2017 to March, 2019. Methodology: A total of 207 confirmed E. coli isolates from loose stool samples of patients with suspected cases of diarrhea (69 from Federal Medical Centre Keffi [MCK] 69 from General Hospital Akwanga [GHA] and 69 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia [DASHL]) were included in this study. Results: E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for the isolates was carried out and interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production in isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime) was carried out using double disc synergy test. The occurrence of E. coli was 100% in all the hospitals. Age groups 0-5 and 6-10 years have the highest occurrence than age group 35 – >45 years. Isolates from DASHL were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (86.9%), Streptomycin (75.0%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (68.1%), isolates from FMCK were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (84.1%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (69.6%), isolates from GHA were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (85.5%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (73.0%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed with the order of occurrence: FMCK (98.6%) > DASHL (92.8%) > GHA (89.9%). The most common MAR index of 0.2 in DASHL was 0.4 (20.3%); FMCK was 0.4 (15.9%) and GHA was 0.3 (17.4%). The order of occurrence of classes of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates in DASHL was MDR (84.0%) ˃ XDR(7.2%) > PDR and NMDR (4.3%); in FMCK was MDR (91.3%) ˃ XDR(4.3%) ˃ NMDR (2.9%) and PDR(1.4%); and in GHA was MDR (88.8%) ˃ NMDR(5.8%) > XDR and PDR(2.9%). Detection rate of ESBL was 53.6% (30/207), distributed in relation to the location as DASHL (60.0%), FMCK (50.0%) and GHA (52.6%). Conclusion: Most of the isolates from the study locations were antibiotic resistance. Further studies on molecular detection of ESBL, diversity and characterization of the E. coli into pathotypes are ongoing
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    PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM FROM COMMERCIAL POULTRY AND HANDLERS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
    (Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-21) Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Tsaku, P.A.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.
    This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium from commercial poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. This was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, from 1st November 2017 to 31th April 2018. A total of 1500 samples (poultry droppings, flesh feed, handlers’ faeces and hand swabs) were screened for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium using standard bacteriological methods. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were confirmed as serovar Typhimurium using both the conventional biochemical screening tests and Microgen Bioproduct GN identification system, and serotyping by the slide agglutination test using polyvalent antiserum according to Kauffman White’s scheme. The prevalence of S. Typhiumurium was 7.1% (106/1500), with the highest sample-related prevalence in droppings (16.7%, 50/300), the highest location-related prevalence in NW (11.8%, 59/500) and zero prevalence in hand swabs across all locations. The differences between the prevalence rates from the various sample types were insignificant (p = 0.10).The results would bridge the gaps in data of prevalence of S.Typhimurium in poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State. The Findings will be beneficial to individuals, public health officials, regulatory agencies and poultry handlers on the need for observing strict sanitation and hygienic practices in poultry rearing and processing. Salmonella Typhimurium contamination is prevalent in poultry, and handlers’ infection is possible via direct and/or indirect contact with colonized poultry.