Browsing by Author "Baba, Adama Oleka"
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Item Open Access THE CHARACTERIZATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE WATER QUALITY INDEX OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER IN ABUJA METROPOLIS, FCT-NIGERIA.(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-06-01) Baba, Adama Oleka; Essien, Queen Ekenem; Okere, J.U.Water Quality Index (WQI) from different sources in Abuja metropolis, FCT - Nigeria, for surface and groundwater reserves (Rivers, lakes, boreholes and wells) were determined by use of physicochemical properties. Standard methods for water and wastewater analysis proposed by American Public Health Association were used. The results of the WQI from different locations were found to vary from 32.70 - 36.20 (tap water), 31.20-38.50 (boreholes) and 38.56-48.50 (well water) all signify good water quality. Surface water (lakes and rivers) found in the study area gave WQI values of 55.45 (Jabi lake), 82.20 (Mpape River) and 84.40 (Durumi River), all signifying poor water quality. The thirteen physicochemical parameters used to compute WQI for tap and groundwater samples were found to be fit for human consumption, while all surface water samples would require further purification or treatment before they can be certified fit for human consumption.Item Open Access GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROCKS AND STREAM SEDIMENTS IN RAGGA PART OF KURRA SHEET 189 SW NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA(Department of Chemistry, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-07-01) Tukura, Bitrus Wokhe; Jatau, B.S.; Oloniniyi, Hanly B.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Tanko, Y.Geochemical analysis of rocks and sediments from streams in Ragga part of Kurra sheet 189 SW north central Nigeria was carried out to infer the mineral potential of the area. Kurra area was underlined by Precambrian Basement Complex rocks, which among others, include the medium grained banded gneiss and were intruded by pegmatite and quartzo-feldspathic veins that occurred as discordant low lying dykes. The gneisses contained quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite and muscovite. The basalts were mainly plagioclase, olivine, phenocryst of magnetite, quartz and ground mass of clinopyroxene in nature. The amphibolite contained plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, quartz, biotite and pyroxene. The pegmatite mostly trends in the NE-SW, and was generally made up of quartz, plagioclase, biotite and muscovite. Most of the pegmatite and medium grained leucocratic gneiss samples fall within the calc-alkali field, whereas the basalt and medium grained melanocratic gneiss samples plotted in the alkali-calcic field. The plot of Na2O/Al2O3 against K2O/Al2O3 indicated that the pegmatites were of igneous ancestry and were within the syn-collisional granite field and were ≥ 30 km depth fields. The concentrations of Au, Ag, Pb, Zr, Sn and Ba in sediments were higher in the NW part of Angwan Maiganga than around Ragga Makaranta. Sn was dominant in the sediments along the streams in the NW part Angwan Maiganga, while Ag was higher around Ragga Makaranta. The transportation of metalliferous ore-forming fluids from the rocks by the river to the sediment might be responsible for the observed higher concentrations of the minerals in the sediments.Item Open Access GEOELECTRIC DRILLING OF PART OF ABAJI AND ENVIRONS ABAJI AREA COUNCIL FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA NORTHCENTRAL NIGERIA(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-06-15) Jatau, B.S.; Lazarus, G.; Baba, Adama OlekaGeoelectrical drilling was carried out in parts of Abaji Area Council, Federal Capital Territory of North-Central Nigeria, with the aim of establishing the groundwater potential of the area. Seventy-two (72) Vertical Electrical Sounding points established at various stations using Abem Terrameter SAS 300C/GPS12 Garmix with a maximum cable spread of AB/2=300m and MN/2=20m. The results obtained from the field data were interpreted using the IXID and IPI2WIN 2004 software for quantitative analysis, while the GIS software was used for the qualitative analysis. The study area shows four units of water system in some places at 30m, 60m, 90m and 120m. The apparent resistivities value ranges from as low as 56Ωm to as high as 3000Ωm. The study area revealed 5-7 lithologic sequences consisting of top soil, laterite, clay, siltstone, fine sand and sandstone of various thicknesses. The water bearing zones are within the fourth to sixth lithologic layers as a result of the moderate resistivity values obtained which ranges between 50Ωm to about 650Ωm. The clay units often reach thickness of 5 to 15m. This lithostratigraphy controls the occurrence, type and behavior of the aquifer units. The sand and clay intercalation constitute a system of aquifers separated by aquitards. The aquifer- aquitard units form multi-aquifer systems. The results correlate well with existing geology.Item Open Access THE GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF ANGWAN MALLAM AND ENVIRONS, KEFFI(Department of Geology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-03) Olowoyeye, Olalekan Agboola; Baba, Adama OlekaThe Geology and geochemical mapping ofl atitude N 08° 51l, N 08° 45land longitude E 007° 45', E 008° Od of Nigeria North Central Part of Keffi Sheet 208 NE. Thin section of the various rock types in the study area were carried out, with migmatite, granodiorite, pophyritic granodiorite, and biotite gneiss intruded by mineral bearing pegmatite dyke were identified. Structures like fault, vein, joint and foliations were also observed during the field mapping and they trend NE - SW”. Geochemical analysis of the rocks using x-ray fluorescent techniques reveals the concentration of Potassium, Calcium, Titanium, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Arsenic; Robidium and Strontium. The structural trend of the rocks conforms to the general pan-African Orogeny deformation. Mining activities in some of the villages does not contaminate or pollute its water, soil and wellbeing of the people living in Agwan Mallam. This study reveals some major elemental composition of rocks across Agwa Mallam and its environs and how they are distributed. The findings will be a benefit to Environmental Impact Assessment of Agwa Mallam and further research is hereby recommended on the Hydrochemistry with special emphasis on water contamination due to leached ion from rockItem Open Access Geology and Geoelectrical Appraisal of Panda and its Environs parts of Gitata Sheet 187NE North-Central Nigeria(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-01-01) Jatau, B.S.; Adamu, S.A.; Baba, Adama OlekaGeological mapping and Geophysical investigations were carried out in Panda and its environs, with the aim of studying the geology (rock types and their structural features; joints & fractures) and its groundwater potentials. The area is underlain by the Basement Complex rocks of the North Central Nigeria consisting of porphyritic granodiorite, migmatized-gneiss and mica schist. The structural features associated with rocks in the study area include; exfoliation, joints, fault, pegmatitic and quartz veins. Twenty eight (28) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were carried out away from cultural interferences. Interpreted data shows a dominance of KH and H type curve. The quantitative and qualitative interpretations revealed weathered and fractured basement. Iso-resistivity of the true aquifer, depth to basement, basement resistivity and, piezometric maps were delineated. Out of the twenty eight VES,only areas within the center of the study area (Kuban SE, Tanga North, Panda market, Jababe, Idur West, Idur and MusheJaba) have been delineated as the most viable locations for good water potentials due to the resistivity value of the rock materials (fractured and weathered basement) around those areas (50Ωm - 200Ωm) and some of the structural features (fractures, joints and faults) which serves as secondary reservoir for groundwater on account of their low resistivity values due to the high conductivity of groundwater that occupies the voids and fissures of the rock. The potential for groundwater in the study area are moderate at AngwanKwaro, AngwanMaje, and Chandap North, Kukuri area where depth to basement is shallow and occupied by fresh basement rocks (porphyritic granodiorite). While the least expected yield lies in AngwanPaa North and GidanSarki North. The two types of aquifer in the study area are weathered basement and fractured basement. This study will serve as guide for groundwater exploration and development in the study area.Item Open Access Geology and Hydrogeophysical Appraisal of Angwan-Doruwa, Parts of Jama’a Sheet 188 NE, Central Nigeria(Department of Geology and Minning Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-01-01) Ancho, M.I.; Kaineh, A.S.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Bupwatda, K.R.Fresh water is essential for living but not readily available for use everywhere especially in most rural communities. Inhabitants of Angwan Doruwa and its environs, within latitude N8°56ꞌ37ꞌꞌ to N8°59ꞌ45ꞌꞌ and longitude E8°10ꞌ00 ꞌꞌ to E8°13ꞌ23ꞌꞌ parts of Jama’a Sheet 188 NE, in North Central Nigeria depend largely on surface water from streams which is prone to contamination and could lead to a rise in ill health already being experienced by the people. This prompted the need to conduct geological and hydrogeophysical studies to locate suitable underground aquifers where potable groundwater can be exploited in the area. Three methods employed in this study include; geological mapping, thin section analysis and electrical resistivity geophysical survey. Schlumberger configuration was used to investigate 15 stations within the area. Geological mapping revealed that the area comprises of migmatitic gneiss, biotite gneiss and leucocratic granite with joints trending in the NNE – SSW principal direction. Result of petrographic analysis showed presence of biotite, quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, muscovites, perthite, microcline and amphibole as the common rock forming minerals in the area. Interpreted geophysical data revealed maximum of five and minimum of three geo-electrical layers: topsoils (TS), lateritic soils (LT, LS), weathered basement (WB) layer consisting of weathered rock fragments or regolith (R), fractured layer (FRB) and fresh basement layer (FB). The weathered and fractured basement layers have sufficient thicknesses (10 m to 30 m) to retain and transmit groundwater and therefore constitute the aquifers in the study area. The fractured basement layer at a depth of 40 m to 50 m constitutes the main aquifer in Angwan Doruwa with a very good groundwater potential while the weathered basement layer at a depth of 25 m to 35 m constitutes a good aquifer in adjoining villages. Drilling can best be achieved through the use of down-hole hammering method.Item Open Access GEOLOGY AND PETROGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NGATUKPA, PART OF JEMA’A SHEET 188SE(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-10-06) Baba, Adama Oleka; Edun, E.; Danwazan, JerryThe geological field mapping of Ngatukpa area of Jema’a sheet 188 SE located between longitudes 8º11ʹ50.22ʺE to 8°14ʹ27.4ʺE, and latitudes 9º11ʹ.00ʺN to 9º13ʹ32.43ʺN was carried out to delineate geology, petrography, structural characterization and petrogenesis of rocks. Field observation and petrographic studies that the area is underlain has mica schist, granite gneiss, rhyolite porphry and olivine rich basalt. Mica schist contains (20%) quartz, (25%) biotite, (40%) plagioclase, (5%) muscovite and (10%) opaque minerals. Granite gneiss contains (22%) quartz, (20%) biotite, (39%) microcline, (4%) muscovite and (5%) opaque minerals. Rhyolite Porphyry contains (23%) quartz, (45%) orthoclase, (12%) biotite and (20%) Ironoxide. Olivine-rich basalt contains (11%) olivine, (58%) sanidine, (8%) pyroxene, (20%) opaque minerals and 3% accessories minerals. The structural elements are evidenced that the study area has undergone polyphase deformation, anatectic melting and granitization process that led to the conversion of mica-schist to granitic gneiss during regional metamorphism.Item Open Access Geology, Hydrology and Measurement of the Remaining Storage, Rate of Erosion and Siltation of Doma Drainage Basin North-central, Nigeria(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-16) Baba, Adama Oleka; Banyigyi, A.H.; Jatau, B.S.The Mada River Basin has a total area of 9,256 km2. Its head water is from the Jos- Plateau and it empties into the River Benue at the Eastern part of Loko, Nasarawa State. Doma Dam is at elevatio of 130msl. its embankment is bounded approximately by latitude 8 20 N and longitude 8 20N and longitude 8 20E. It was constructed in 1995. with original storage capacity of 37.5mcm. The Doma impounded reservoir has an active storage capacity of 28.5mcm and dead storage capacity of 9.0mcm. After 24 years of impoundment, continuous siltation caused by sediment is being deposited annually affecting its usefulness. To determine the volume of water available in the reservoir, there is need to study the reservoir’s bathymetry using boat, satellite navigator and metric tape with a weight attached to it. The study area is in the sedimentary environment of the central Benue Trough with different sedimentary formations. The formations have different lithostratigraphic sequence, thickness, age, sea movement and paleoenvironment. Rate of siltation between 1995 and 2019 in an area of2.615km2 is0.650km3/a with remaining depth of 12.912km (45%) of its original storage representing a 55% storage loss while rate of erosion was calculated to be 0.248mm/a. Volume of rainfall over the total dam drainage basin is 3,900km /a. Volume of total runoff is 936km3/a. Depth of evaporation from the open water table as of when the dam was constructed is 1.518km3 while as at present is 2.335km3/a because the area around the dam is flooded. Environmental minimum is 0.273knr7a. Assuming the leakage through the dam body is negligible, the water budget of the dam is positive with 10.304km3/a meaning there is active storage and safe yield although water demand of the study area is not known, if preventive measures are not taken, the dam will be completely silted up in some years from now.Item Open Access Geology, Petrography and Geophysical Study of Kuchibuyi and its Environs Part of Abuja Sheet 186(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-01-06) Baba, Adama Oleka; Omosimua, C.; Anie, P.O.; Benedit, P.O.; Musa, Y.K.Geological and hydrogeological mapping of Kuchibuyi and its environs Abuja sheet 186, North Central Nigeria was carried out with a view to determine groundwater potential. The study area fails within the Hydrogeological Crystalline Province of Nigeria. Geophysical investigation was carried out in order to study the subsurface geological layers with a view to determine the depth to bedrock and thicknesses of the geological layers. Rock samples were collected and analysed. Rocks such as Coarse-Grained Granitic Gneiss, Fine Grained Biotite Granite, Medium Grained Granite, Dolerite, Banded Muscovite and Gneiss were the rock types found with structures like Joints, Veins and Foliations. The geologic mapping covered 22.5km2 on a scale of 1:12,500. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at 75 VES stations. Campus Ohmega digital resistivity meter was used for the data acquisition. The field curves were typically of A, H, K, KH and HK types. VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence and four to five major geoelectrical layers consisting of Topsoil (sand/clay), Lateritic soil, Weathered, Fractured and Fresh Basement. The excellent groundwater potential of Kuchibuyi makes the area hydrogeologically promising and can be explored for groundwater with good yield from location to location.Item Open Access Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ahmadu Bello University (Abu) Farm Area(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-02-04) Baba, Adama Oleka; Jatau, B.S.; Fadele, S.I.Hydrogeophysical investigation was carried out in Ahmadu Bello University Farm Area. The results obtain from the field were converted to response curves; depth of penetration of current to layers, resistivities, thicknesses, and groundwater potential were deduced. Water potential in the area shows three unit of water system at various depths (10 meter. 42 meter, and 82 meter). The apparent resistivity values ranges from as low as 29 ohm meter to as high as 25,027 ohm meter. This is an indication that some area might be clay formation while other areas are highly consolidated. IXID curve modeling of the area reveal 6–7 lithologic sequences with various thicknesses consisting of Top soil, Sandy clay, Fine to Medium sand, Coarse sand, Weathered Basement, Fractured Basement, and Fresh Basement. Water bearing zones are within the third to sixth lithologic layer; this is due to the moderate resistivity values obtain. The lithostratigraphy controls the occurrence, type, and behaviour of the aquifer units in the area. Three aquifer systems were demarcated from the lithologic sequences: Soft Overburden Aquifer, Weathered Aquifer, and Structural Controlled Aquifer. The three aquifer unit flows through a ground channel to River Shika. The Soft Overburden Aquifer towards the Kubanni Dam was divided to three members; Fine grained sand, Medium grained sand, and Coarse grained sand. The groundwater in the members flows towards the Kubanni Reservoirs. Their water level varies with regional rainfall as input and output (recharge and evaporation). The three aquifer type (Soft Overburden, Weathered, and Fractured Aquifer) of the area depict varied water potential form one spot to another.Item Open Access Heavy Metal Distribution in Soil and Stream Sediment in Villages around Udegi Mbeki Mining District.(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-11-20) Tanko, I.Y.; Jatau, B.S.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Kidze, K.L.The Udegi Mbeki mining district a typical environment characterized by unorganized small-scale mining is a rugged terrain due to the Afu Ring complex intrusion and characterized by indiscriminate disposal of the mining waste which are likely to constitute environmental problems. This study is aimed at determining the extent of distribution and concentre ifon of some heavy metals (Pb, Zn Cu, Cd, As, Cr, Sn, Nb), pH and Electrical conduct. (EC) in soil and stream sediments of some surrounding villages (Garin ehu, . isa and Jenta). Fifteen samples (10 soil and 5 stream sediments) were o. ecte- Rested and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The in sice v omical results show that pH is generally acidic which range (4.5-6.7) for both so.; and or sam sediment and Electical conductivity are also low for the two-sample media c.. d ranged between (40.24-70.55) ps/cm. The results of heavy metal analysis for soil samples shows that the trend of mean concentration as: Nb (14.8693) >Sn (10.4619)>Cd (0.1873)>As (0.08019) > Cu (0.0493) >Zn (0.03284) >Pb (0.0224) >Cr (0.00559) in (mg/l). Also, Nb, Sn, Cd and As have mean concentrations higher than the local background values. Whilst for stream sediments mean trend of heavy metals indicates that: Nb (8.99970) >Sn (0.8854)> Cd (0.2656) > Zn (0.1928) > Cu (0.1518)> Cr (0.03758) > Pb (0.0224) > As (0.01566) in (mg/l). Similarly, Nb, Sn, Cd and As in stream sediment were higher than the local background concentration from upstream sediments free of mining activities in the area. These results suggest that the soil and stream sediments around Garin Shehu, Agasa and Jenta villages in Udegi Mbeki mining district are contaminated with Nb, Sn, Cd and As due to many years of random dumping of waste from the mining and processing activities in the area. Furthermore, anthropogenic sources may as well have contributed to the high concentrations.Item Open Access Hospital Water Demand/Consumption: A Case Study of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika.(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-11-03) Baba, Adama Oleka; Krzysztof, Schoeneich; Abubakar, Aisha KanaThis work provki/r^sis of understanding groundwater potential of the Ahmadu Beljp .‘,|:r»iversity - ^ j ting Hospital, Shika, the water demand and requirement for \ The resistivity values obtain shows the water bearing zones ranges fmone point 4v ree other. The water potential of the area is good though, the ,e varies uom point to point depending on the conductivity, thickness, and ■Ti-TTer characteristics. Shika hospital is located on Metamorphic (Gneiss) with maximum thickness of water bearing soft rock of 30 m. The two interconnected aquifers, the Soft Overburden and the Fractured Crystalline Aquifers stores good quantity of water. The groundwater flow directions of this area which stores water is that the water flow away to recharge the surface water. Solution to water problem in the study area is to rely on surface water via overhead tanks and the use of groundwater for emergency situation. Water demand of the Hospital is 154 m3/d. Total water demand of the hospital is 438.39(m3/d) and Unit water per day per bed is 0.877(m3/d). The Hospital Static Groundwater Resources 494,350m3, Total Dynamic Groundwater Resources 58,518.1m3/a and Utilizable Dynamic Groundwater Resources 29,259.05m3/a or (80.16 m3/d). The water demand /requirement using WHO (2005) standard is 77,000 Ipcd (77m3/d). The unit water demand per bed per day of Shika hospital is 0.877 m3/d. The coefficient of surface runoff of the study area is 0.18, base flow (infiltration) 0.1, and total runoff 0.28. The annual volume of surface runoff for ABU Teaching Hospital Shika is 1,039,209 m3/a. Total surface water resources of the study area is 1,918,636 m3/a. Proper planning is fundamental to protection, conservation and constant water supply. ABUTH water supply has been from boreholes, Zaria and Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) water works. Therefore, with proper management, ABUTH should not experience water scarcity. All the storage tanks both ground and overhead should be reactivated and sluice valves replaced and/or serviced with good chamber for proper security to minimize usage, wastage and delivery of water to different department of the hospital through its water distribution network pipeline while its groundwater resources should be a supplementary water sources because a hospital should have constant water supply and ABUTH should not be an exception.Item Open Access Hybrid Wenner-Schlumberger Electrical Resistivity Investigation for Groundwater at Nasarawa State University Keffi, Keffi Sheet 208 NE, North-Central Nigeria.(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-11-11) Azi, C.M.; Jatau, B.S.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Obrike, Stephen E.; Ancho, M.I.Geological traversing at Nasarawa State University Keffi, part of Keffi Sheet 208NE, North-central Nigeria, revealed that the area is underlain by the Basement Complex rocks consisting of biotite gneiss, granitic gneiss and schist. The structural trends are mostly in NNW-SSE and NE-SW directions and foliation in the NE-SW direction. Surface geophysical investigation was conducted using the new hybrid Wenner-Schlumberger array, where fifty (50) stations were investigated along seven established profiles to determine the groundwater potential of the area. Six curve types were observed; HA, KA, QH, HAK and KHA; QHA-types has the highest frequency of occurrence while KA and HAK-types has the least. Results revealed that the top soil being the 1st layer with resistivity (62- 5800 Ωm) and thickness (1-2 m). Laterite is the 2nd layer with resistivity (20-5550 Ωm), and thickness (2-7 m). The weathered basement is the 3rd layer with resistivity (43-2080 Ωm) and thickness (5-20 m). The fractured basement is the 4thlayer in the five (5) geoelectric layer case with resistivity (115-1700 Ωm) and thickness (25-50 m); while the partially weathered/fractured basement forms the 4thlayer in the six (6) geoelectric layer case with resistivity (66-2059 Ωm) and thickness (10-30 m). The fresh basement forms the 5thlayer in the five (5) geoelectric layer case with resistivity (312-2170 Ωm), while the fractured basement forms the 5thlayer in the six (6) geoelectric layer case with resistivity (139-2800 Ωm), and thickness (10-50 m). The fresh basement forms the 6thlayer in the six (6) geoelectric layer case with resistivity (310-3800 Ωm). The depth to fresh basement or overburden thickness range from 29-79.5 m, which implies that the area is generally good for groundwater development, especially places with distinctive weathered and/or fractured layers thicknesses. Groundwater potentials were zoned into low, medium and high potentials for groundwater development. Wenner data extracted and interpreted have a good degree of correlation with the Schlumberger results, the structural trends observed on the geological structures and with existing geologyItem Open Access Hydro-Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Aquifer Vulnerability of the Turonian Makurdi Formation in North Bank area, Makurdi, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-01-01) Obrike, Stephen E.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Ojuola, B.S.; Anudu, G.K.; Kana, M.A.; Iliya, M.M.Electrical resistivity investigation was carried out in North Bank and its environs in Makurdi, Benue State, with a view to determining the depth to aquifer, aquifer thickmess, groundwater potential of the area and aquifer vulnerability. Twenty-one (21) Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out using the Schlumberger electrode array with the aid of ABEM Terrameter (SAS 3000C) with maximum electrode spacing of 200m. The VES data obtained were interpreted using partial curve matching approach and modelled using WinResist software. Modelled field curves reveal essentially three to four geo-elcetrical layers and two main aquiferous zones corresponding to the upper silty-sandstone and lower medium to coarse grained felspathic sandstones of the Makurdi Formation. The upper silty-sandstone aquifer is characterized by low to moderate resistivity value distribution (37 - 2039 ohm-m) with layer thickness in the range of 3m to 15m. Computed hydraulic and geo-electric characteristics (Zarrouk parameters, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) depicts it as unconfined, vulnerable to infiltrating surface 2 -1 2 -1 contaminants, with low groundwater potential (0.63 m day < T 199.65 m day ) and only suitable for small community water supply projects and private consumption. The lower felspathic sandstone aquifer is characterized by relatively thicker sequence of aquiferous materials (3m – 54m). The aquiferous zone is generally unconfined to 2 -1 2 -1 semi-confined in nature, with groundwater potential (30.96 m day < T ≤ 542.73 m day ) seen to be largely moderate. The aquifer is deemed suitable for industrial, irrigational and municipal water supply purposesItem Open Access The hydrochemistry of Angwan Mallam and environs (PART OF KEFFI SHEET 208 NE)(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2011-12-12) Baba, Adama Oleka; Olowoyeye, Olalekan AgboolaThe rock types in the area are migmatite, granodiorite, pophyritic granodiorite, and biotite gneiss intruded by mineral bearing pegmatite dyke. The structural trend of the rocks conforms to the general pan-African Orogeny deformation trending NE - SW. Structures like fault, vein, joint and foliations were observed during the field mapping. Eleven water samples were collected from surface water and wells of the study area for physio-chemical analysis. The result of the water analysis shows the major cations, anions, and heavy element: Mg+, Ca2+, Na+ K+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, HCO3- , and Fe, Cu, Pb. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivities, acidity, alkalinity, total dissolved solid, and turbidity were determined. The cation, anion, and heavy element are majorly derived from leaching of the surrounding rocks and human activities influence as the mining activities in some of the villages does not contaminate or pollute its water, soil and wellbeing of the people living in Agwan mallam. The findings will be a benefit to Environmental Impact Assessment of Agwa mallam as the water in the area meets the National Agency for Food, Drug Administration and Control, Draft for National Standard for Drinking water, and World Health Organization guideline.Item Open Access Hydrological Aspects of Artificial Lake Design: A Case Study of the Proposed Kurikyo Lake, Lafia Nasarawa State(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-05-06) Abubakar, Aisha Kana; Abubakar, Kana Ahmad; Baba, Adama OlekaArtificially created lakes involve one form of impoundment or another. A lake is simply a body of water surrounded by land. It can be natural e.g. Lake Chad or artificially created by man in order to beautify his environment, for irrigation and domestic water supply. Factors generally considered before the creation of artificial lakes include physical and economic/social factors. Physical factors include geomorphology, hydrology and climate. While socio economic factors include developmental plans, land ownership, availability of technology/equipment, impact on socio – economic activities of individuals in the area among others. The present study looks at the hydrological aspect for the development of an artificial lake in Lafia. The area of interest is River Kurikyo catchment area; the river has its mouth situated along Shendam road in Lafia town, close to the House of Assembly Complex. The river flows in a northwestern direction and has numerous small streams contributing to its flow.Item Open Access Kwoi 2016 Multiple Tremors: An Emerging Geotourism Phenomenon(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-01-01) Goki, N.G.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Iyakwari, Shekwoyandu; Tanko, I.Y.; Kana, A.A.; Umbugadu, A.A.; Usman, Halima OsuFor a stretch of three days, the residents of Kwoi, Central Nigeria were held hostage by what is now accepted as an earth tremor of magnitudes ranging between 2.9 and 3.1. In its initial stages, various versions of interpretations were given including religious and traditional myths. These triggered national and international attention making the area to be temporarily a tourist’s attraction of some sorts with different groups visiting and reporting different versions. The aim of this paper is to report first hand the occurrence of systematic cracks on rocks and buildings as well as the safety aspects associated with this tremor. The study confirms that this is a purely geoscientific phenomena triggered by deep seated tectonic movements manifested on the surface through short distance travel of the accompanying vibrations which lead to collapse and breakage of buildings. It is unpredictably episodic but relatively safe for tourists as an intra-cratonic tremor.Item Open Access Measurement of remaining storage, rate of siltation, and rate of erosion of the Ahmadu Bello University Farm Lake drainage Basin in Zaria(Department of Geology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-03-03) Baba, Adama Oleka; Akaegbobi, Mike; Krzysztof, SchoeneichAhmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital at Shika, 547 beds and water demand 154 m3/d, suffers from inadequate and irregular water supply. But there is a nearby abandoned impounding reservoir constructed around 1966, with original storage capacity 636,300 m3. The authors propose to use this reservoir as the main source of water for Shika Hospital. However, it is not known whether after 43 years of siltation, the reservoir still contains enough water to meet water demand from the hospital. To determine, how much water is still available in the impounding reservoir after many years of siltation, the authors embarked a boat and measured the remaining storage of the reservoir as 349,911 m3. Thereafter calculated rate of siltation between years 1966 and 2009 as 6,600 m3/y, rate of erosion in the drainage basin during the same period as 0.559 mm/y, and safe yield during 176 days of hydrological dry season as non existing, because after deduction of losses to evaporation calculated as 194,560 m3/y and deduction of 272,700 m3 of environmental reserve - minimum necessary to preserve aquatic wildlife, there is no active storage left. Since there is no active storage, there is also no safe yield and there is no water for Shika Hospital. The authors conclude that the University Farm Lake cannot serve as source of water for Shika Hospital, unless it is dredged to its original storage capacity. The impounding reserve will soon be lost. In some year to come there will be little or no more water in it because it will completely be silted up as there will even be no trace of it seen on the maps. @JASEMItem Open Access Physico - Chemical Quality of Ground Water from Shallow Wells in Galambi and Environs, Bauchi State, Northern Nigeria(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2007-03-03) Essien, Queen Ekenem; Anudu, G.K.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Ikpokonte, A.E.Physico-chemical characteristics of ground water from shallow wells in Galambi and its environ in Bauchi State, Northern Nigeria, were evaluated. A total off ifteen shallow well water samples were randomly collected and analyzed for an assessment of its potability and suitability for domestic purposes. Results obtained indicate that the ground water is slightly acidic to moderately alkaline (5.70< PH <8. JO), hard to very hard, (124.7 - 256 mg/1), colourless, and odorless. Conductivity, HCOj2', CO2', NO32', SO2', and PO4' are generally within WHO permissible levels for potable water. However, heavy metals like copper, iron, and lead are of higher concentrations than WHO standards for drinking water. Consequently, relevant treatment procedures are strongly recommended to reduce concentrations of Fe, Cu and Pb in the water so as to minimize the risks/concerns that they may pose to human health within and around the study area. The plot of the average constituents of the ground water in a Piper Trilinear diagram shows that the water is potable and can be classified as .alkaline earth water type with higher alkaline proportion (Ca- Mg -Na) and predominantly HCO3 water, as well as normal alkaline earth water type (Ca- Mg) with predominantly HCO3' water.Item Open Access Preliminary geological evidence for multiple tremors in Kwoi, Central Nigeria(Department of Geology and Minning, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-01-09) Goki, Nathaniel; Onwuka, Solomon Anayo; Baba, Adama Oleka; Iyakwari, Shekwoyandu; Tanko, Ishak Yau; Abubakar, Aisha Kana; Umbugadu, A.A.; Usman, Halima OsuPreliminary field assessment of the geological evidence for the September 2016 multiple tremors was felt as far as 10 km in Nok and Chori villages in the north and northwest of Kwoi respectively. This involved systematic studies of the crack pattern and intensity on buildings, rocks and hanging walls of slopes around the area with the highest shock. The structural mapping was complemented by composite images of SPOT 5, supplementary subsurface investigations utilized aeromagnetic data, seismic data, and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for the area. Results show that the major evidence that proved a possible link to the area of highest impact is the tremor triggered displacement of a 4 by 3 m diameter rock boulder situated about a kilometre from the Kwoi town, some 3 km from the nearest epicentre that fell through a cumulative distance of 25 m, splitting the fresh granite boulder into two and creating a high impact scar on its path. Seismic vibrations that shook the residents of Kwoi and environs (with epicentres located along a NE-SW linear traverse and remotely coinciding with buried fractures) appear to have been generated and propagated laterally from the rocks along a northwest-southeast profile. Despite the non- homogenous strengths of the impacted buildings, the near-consistency of the E-W striking walls being the most fractured gives a remote connection with the major 345° to 015° fracture patterns on the granitic plutons that shields Kwoi town to the north. Additionally, the intensity of the fractures and collapse in the buildings increased south-westwards from the perceived area of highest impact. A possible tectonic origin related to stress build up in the rocks of the area for the tremors can be insinuated thereby foreclosing the theory of a non-tectonic origin being considered in some quarters including the recent Mpape Abuja tremor of 2018. All these epicentres plot along an extrapolated trend that coincides with the Chain Fracture Zone of the North Atlantic.