Browsing by Author "Ajiboso, S.O."
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Item Open Access 28-day subchronic toxicity studies of 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate in albino rats(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-10-01) Ajiboso, S.O.; Gbate, M.; Ajari, O.I.; Adeyemo, S.O.Sixty adult Rattus novergicus (both sexes) of mean body weight of 150.0 ± 3.5 g was distributed into 6 groups of 10 rats per group (same sex). The groups A, B, C, D, E and F were exposed to adjusted dosages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) respectively by inhalation from day 1 to day 28. At p<0.05, DDVP caused significant decrease in GPT activity, WBC and lymphocytes levels in exposed groups while GOT activity, creatinine, haemoglobin, PCV and neutrophil levels were significantly increased. Increase in GOT activity and creatinine level was dose-related. ALP activity was unchanged in groups exposed to 20%; decreased in groups exposed to 40%, 60% and 80% while significant increase was observed in group exposed to 100% DDVP. Albumin was also significantly increased in groups exposed to 80% and 100% DDVP. Groups exposed to 0%, 20% and 40% DDVP showed GOT/GPT ratios <1 while >1 was the value obtained for groups exposed to 60%, 80% and 100%. Groups exposed to 0%, 20% and 40% DDVP showed weight gain while weight loss was recorded in group exposed to 100% DDVP throughout the experimental period. Investigated parameters were generally higher in group exposed to 100% than other groups. Severe toxicity was observed in group exposed to 100% DDVP after 21 d of continuous exposure. Cholinergic signs observed in severely affected group that was exposed to 100% DDVP included anorexia, muscular tremors, mucous nasal discharges, increased frequency of salivation and urine staining, decreased body weight gain and diarrhoea. No adverse effects or cholinergic signs were observed in the functional observational battery and locomotor of the rats exposed to 0% to 80%; the NOEL was determined to be 20%. No mortality was recorded and none was killed because of intoxication. The leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, increased haemoglobin, albumin and creatinine established in this study resulted from increased DDVP concentration and were attributed to malnutrition from low feed intake and dehydrationItem Open Access ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA LEAF IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-06-19) Ajiboso, S.O.; Yakubu, M.T.; Oladiji, A.T.Aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf was investigated for antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Adult Wistar rats of mean weight 110.0±1.4 g were randomised into six groups (A-F) such that group A (non- diabetic) received orally 0.5ml of distlled water once daily for 10 days. Animals in group B, C, D, E and F which were made diabetic with alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight i.p) also received once daily 0.5ml of metformin (2.5 mg/kg b.w p.o), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight o.p. of the extract respectively. Standard procedures were used to determine blood glucose, body weight, oral glucose tolerance test, weight of pancreas, serum insulin, total protein, urine glucose and ketone. The results of the antidiabetic study revealed that blood glucose of the alloxanised rats within 36 hours were significantly and progressively reduced (p<0.05) in the metformin - and extract - treated animals. The trace amount of urine ketone and glucose concentrations in the distilled water - treated diabetic rats were not observed in the other treatment groups except in the 25 mg/kg body weight extract treated group where less than 0.25 % of the urine glucose concentration was observed. The reduction in body weight, weight of pancreas, serum insulin and total protein in the distilled water-treated diabetic rats were reverted back to the range of the non-diabetic controls by the extract and metformin. The significant elevation (p>0.05) of oral glucose in distilled water treated diabetic rats was also reverted back to normal. The present study thus provides scientific evidence to support the acclaimed use of Calotropis procera leaf for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in folk medicine in Nigeria.Item Open Access Assessment of Nutritional Qualities of Chinchin Produced From Blends Of Cyperus Esculentus and Triticum Aestivum Flours(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-01-01) Ajiboso, O.M.; Ajiboso, S.O.In this study, tigernut flour was formulated with wheat flour at different formulation ratios of 0%, 10%, 20% and 40% to blends, these blends were used to produce chinchin, a traditional snack. The nutritional qualities revealed that moisture was detected higher in sample A (4.9%) and least in sample B (3.1%) than other samples C and D, the moisture of samples C and D was 4.4%, moisture was generally low in all the blends. Ash was generally low in the samples and within the range 1.0% to 1.2%; crude fat and fibre were in the range of 3.1% to 4.7% and 3.5% to 4.9% respectively. The ranges of crude protein, energy value and carbohydrate by difference of the samples were 10.6% to 11.9%; 73.9% to 75.5% and 360.1kcal to 384.6kcal respectively. Samples A and C scored higher than other samples in taste and appearance respectively while sample D scored higher in flavor, texture and overall acceptability. Sample A was fairly like in terms of flavor, appearance, texture and general acceptability. Sample B taste and texture were scored like and fairly like respectively, the flavor, appearance and general acceptability were much like. 80% of sample C sensory attributes (taste, appearance, texture and general acceptability) were scored ‘much like’ while flavor was scored ‘fairly like’. 60% of sample D sensory attributes (taste, appearance, and texture) was scored higher than other samples. Flavor and general acceptability were ‘extremely like’ appearance and texture were ‘much like’ and taste was ‘fairly like’. In conclusion, chinchin produced from wheat and tigernut blends, particularly sample D (60% : 40%) mixture of wheat and tigernut flours respectively showed higher nutritional quality and acceptability than other samples. The use of wheat flour and tigernut formulation for cost reduction and optimal utilization of tigernut is hereby recommended.Item Open Access Behaviours of liver and kidney function markers in diabetic rats treated with Calotropis procera leaf aqueous extract(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-10-02) Ajiboso, S.O.; Mairiga, Jamey Peterslong-term high biood giucose 0010565 diabetes me hits; this metabolic disorder is accompanied لالأ both short - and long terms complications. In the present study, behaviours of liver and kidney function markers in diabetic rats treated with different doses of Caiotropis procera ieaf aqueous extract were studied. At p>0.05, the biood giucose, hepatic GOT, GPT, albumin, total bilirubin, GOTZGPT ratio, serum urea and creatinine were significant^ elevated in diabetic groups (6 ر, D, E and 1٢) while hepatic gogen was significant^ reduced with induction of alloxan. Treatment with the extract at different doses of administration (25, 50 100mg/kg .ا.) particular^ higher doses restored the markers back to their normal levels when compared to mean values of non-diabetic group (A). Mean values of markers in group administered 100mg/kg b.w. dose of non-diabetic and metformin groups (4 and 3) were in the same In the present std, it can be deduced that aqueous of 04/0٤/02٨0٥/0/ 25ر leaf at 100 mgkg .ا dose showed significant potency in amelioration of alloxan disturbances on hepatic and renal function markers.Item Open Access CHEMICAL PROFILE OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA LEAF(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-03-15) Ajiboso, S.O.; Yakubu, M.T.; Oladiji, A.T.This study was carried out to determine the chemical profile of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf. The results showed the values of the proximate composition as: moisture content (10.92%), crude protein (28.53%), fat (20.42%) and carbohydrate (24.13%). Ash and crude fibre were 6.50% and 9.40% respectively. Magnesium was found high in the extract 36.5ppm followed by potassium 24.5ppm, calcium 17.0ppm, sodium 12.5ppm and Zinc 2.10ppm while phosphorus 0.40ppm was found least. 11 phytochemicals of pharmacological importance were detected at different amounts. The amount of alkaloids (2.05%) in the extract was 50.3 times and 2.3 times the amounts of other trace (steroids, anthraquinone, terpenoids, phlobatannin, cardenolides and chalcones) – 0.004%-0.04% and moderately (tannin, glycosides and saponin)- 0.05%-0.88% detected phytochemicals respectively while phenol amount (1.15%) was 1.3 times and 28.8 times higher than moderately and trace detected phytochemicals respectively in the extract. However, flavonoids were completely absent in the extract The amino acids profile showed the presence of 17 amino acids out of the 20 important amino acids, 50% of essential amino acds were detected high (arginine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine); 30% were detected moderate (histidine, threonine and valine). Methionine and tryptophan were detected low and absent respectively. From the work carried out, Calotropis procera leaf is a good source of vegetable protein, oils essential minerals and amino acids for human consumption aside its medicinal properties and folklore tradition belief of its use by the Fulanis in the northern part of Nigeria as cheese coagulum.Item Open Access Detection and Distribution of Some Phytochemicals in Theobroma Cacao T ree(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-02-18) Ajiboso, S.O.Theobroma cacao tree parts (leave, stem bark, root bark, pulp, bean, and bean coat) were dried and grinded to fine particle size of 75 ^m mesh size. Each of these samples was dissolved in five different solvents (aqueous, methanol, ethanoic acid, petroleum ether and ethanol). The extract obtained was phytochemicals screened using standard procedure for the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. The results revealed the presence of the phytochemicals in the order alkaloids>tannins>flavonoids> saponins. The distribution was stem bark>pulp;root>bean; root bark; leaves>bean coat for alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids and saponins respectively. In conclusion, Theobroma cacao parts (leaf, bean bean coat, bean, pulp, root and stem barks) and other agricultural run-off that are mostly under-utilized and discarded as wastes can be found useful and applicable in pharmaceutical industry and may bring high reduction on expenditure on the purchase of related compounds used in pharmacognosy from foreign lands and also help in waste management and control.Item Open Access EFFECTS OF BUCHHOLZIA CORIACEA AQUEOUS SEED EXTRACT ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS OF SACCHARIN - INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIC WISTAR RATS(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-01-01) Ajiboso, S.O.Effects of Buchholzia coriacea aqueous seed extract on white blood cell counts of saccharin-induced hyperglycaemic rats were carried out using standard procedures. Twenty-four (24) healthy Wistar rats, both sexes of mean body weight of 210.0 ± 3.1g were divided into six different cages of four animals (same sex), the cages were labelled groups A to F. Group A contained normal rats without saccharin induction and administered distilled water only; group B rats were induced with saccharin without treatment; group C rats were induced with saccharin and treated with 2ml of metformin drug; group D rats were induced with saccharin and treated with 2ml of 50 mg/kg b.w. of B. coriacea aqueous seed extract; group E rats were induced with saccharin and treated with 2ml of 100 mg/kg b.w. of B. coriacea aqueous seed extract and group F rats were induced with saccharin and treated with 2ml of 200 mg/kg b.w. of B. coriacea seed aqueous extract. Results revealed significant elevation (P>0.05) of blood glucose at low dose (8g/100ml dw) of saccharin. Dosages of extract administered mostly 200 mg/kg b.w. showed significant decreased (P>0.05) of induced hyperglycemia by lowering blood glucose, gain in body weight of animal was observed in extract administered groups. Elevated monocytes, eosinophil and white blood cell were returned back to normal values in extract administered groups. However, basophil was not altered by both B. coriacea aqueous seed extract and saccharin. The potency of Buchholzia coriacea aqueous seed extract in amelioration of saccharin - induced hyperglycemia and alteration of body weight and white blood cell counts was dose – dependent, at higher doses abnormally increased and decreased observed in investigated parameters were reversed back to normal. Toxicity study on Buchholzia coriacea seed for safe consumption is hereby recommended.Item Open Access Ethnodietetics of Moringa oleifera leaves amongst the Ethnic Groups in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria and its Hypoglycaemic Effects in Rats(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-02-05) Umar, Nda Abdulkadir; Mann, Abdullahi; Ajiboso, S.O.The consumption pattern of human is highly influenced by socio-cultural and economic factors. An ethnodietary preparation is a dish eaten by a specific tribal or ethnic grouping which is generally a soup and usually made up of several plant-derived ingredients. Since ancient times, Moringa oleifera has been known with numerous ethnodietary values in many traditional societies around the globe. Nutritional analyses show that the leaves are very rich in all essential vitamins and minerals as well as proteins which are most uncommon in the available diets to the rural dwellers in Nigeria. The Moringa plant is the most inexpensive and readily alternative to good nutrition as well as providing cure and prevention of diseases. In fact, Moringa leaves displayed a wide array of pharmacological activities, but unfortunately, the people who need this information most are the rural dweller that consumes the leaves but are unaware of its usefulness. Moringa is especially promising as a food source in the tropics because the tree is in full leaf at the end of the dry season when other foods are typically scarce which can be used alleviating poverty. To explore the ethnodietetic uses of Moringa oleifera leaves amongst the ethnic groups in Bida, Niger State and investigate one of its potential values in the treatment of diabetes by assessing its hypoglycemic effects. Structured questionnaires were administered to both sexes within the age group of 10 to 79 years. Standard procedures were used to study the effects of Moringa oleifera extracts (stem bark, leaves and root bark) on some biochemical and hematological variables in alloxan-induced rats. The findings revealed that the plant is mainly consumed as salad by Hausa and Fulani ethnic groups (15%) as food, while other ethnic groups (Nupe 65%; Yoruba 10%; Kakanda 5%; Jaba 2.5%; Bwala 2.5%) used it as food as well as medicine in the treatment of diseases including diabetes. The result showed increased body temperature (39.3oC to 40oC) and blood glucose level (250mg/dl to 500mg/dl) in alloxan-induced rats when compared to the control (Temperature=37.3oC, blood glucose= 60mg/dl), while general decrease in body weight was observed in alloxan induced rats. 15mg/dl of blood glucose was reduced in the group treated with M. oleifera stem bark. The liver transaminase (GPT) was generally low in experimental groups than the control. The alkaline phosphate is 248 iu/l (least) in the control than experimental groups. The packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin level were generally reduced in alloxan induced rats. The groups treated with the root bark have higher neutrophil than lymphocytes above other experimental groups. The report also indicates the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and steroids which are responsible for its hypoglycemic effects. The present results support the traditional usage of this plant for treatment of diabetes since its administration can lower the blood sugar levels which prevent complications associated with diabetics. Further studies on toxicity of the extracts of M. oleifera as well as their hypocholesterolemic properties are recommendedItem Open Access Evaluation of Anti-hyperlipidemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Calotropis procera Leaf in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rat(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-03-03) Ajiboso, S.O.; Yakubu, M.T.; Oladiji, A.T.Diabetes affects the heart muscle, causing both systolic and diastolic heart failure; both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance promote dyslipidemia. Effect of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf was evaluated on lipid profile and atherogenic markers in alloxan-induced diabetic rat using standard procedures. Adult albino rats (Wistar strain) of mean weight 100.0±2.0g were randomised into six groups (A-F) such that group A (non-diabetic) orally received 0.5ml of distilled water once daily for 10 days. Animals in group B, C, D, E and F which were made diabetic with alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight i.p) also received once daily 0.5ml of metformin (2.5 mg/kg b.w p.o), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight o.p. of the extract respectively. The results revealed that blood glucose of the alloxanised rats significantly and progressively reduced in the metformin - and extract - treated animals within 36 hours. Total cholesterol, LDL-c, triacylglycerol, Log (TG/HDL-c), observed in distilled water-treated diabetic rats were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the extract - and metformin - treated rats. The reduction in HDL-c and TG/LDL-c in the distilled water-treated diabetic rats was also reverted back to the range of the non-diabetic controls by the extract and metformin. The significant reduction (p<0.05) in the elevated blood glucose level and correction of altered lipid profile observed in aqueous extract treated diabetic animals by Calotropis procera leaf to the range of non-diabetic controls in this study indicate the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the extract. In conclusion, Calotropis procera leaf can serve as a potent agent for the prevention of coronary heart diseases through its anti-hyperlipidemic property. Further study is recommended for the identification of the bioactive compounds in Calotropis procera leaf that exert the anti-hyperlipidemic property offered by the plant.Item Open Access Evaluation of functional and sensory properties of Plantain flours produced from three different varieties of Musa acuminata(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-01-01) Ajiboso, S.O.; Ajiboso, O.M.Flour samples were produced from three different varieties of Plantain; the samples were tPlantain, False and French horns. The functional and sensory properties of the flour samples were evaluated using standard procedures. The mean results showed the ranges of water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, bulk density and swelling capacity as 1.7-2.0%, 0.2-0.2%, 6.1-15.8%, 0.6-0.8g/cm3 and 49.3-67.0% respectively. Comparatively, oil absorption capacity and swelling capacity values were significantly low and high respectively at p>0.05 in all the samples. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in was and bulk density mean values of False horn and tPlantain. However, all the samples significantly differed in swelling capacity. Low swelling capacity and foaming capacity values were observed in tPlantain sample. The False horn was score ‘indifferent’ in all the quality attributes while tPlantain sample was favourably scored ‘like’ in texture, odour and general acceptability except the colour which was disliked by the panellists. From the work carried out, the common plantain sample (tPlantain) was concluded to possess both functional and sensory attributes compared to other samples such as false and fresh horns. Incorporation of tplantain flour in foods of people of all ages as a food thickener and upgrade to viable commercial standard were recommended.Item Open Access EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCAEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA LEAF IN ALLOXAN- INDUCED DIABETIC RATS(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-10-10) Ajiboso, S.O.; Tarfa, F.D.The hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were evaluated in this study. Adult Wistar rats of mean weight 110.0±1.4g were randomised into six groups (A-F), group A (non-diabetic) received orally 0.5ml of distilled water once daily for 10 days, groups B, C, D, E and F were made diabetic with alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight i.p). Groups C, D, E and F also received once daily 0.5ml of metformin (2.5 mg/kg b.w p.o), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight o.p. of the extract respectively. Standard procedures were used to determine blood glucose, body weight, hepatic ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The results obtained revealed significant elevation (p<0.05) of blood glucose, liver MDA and reduction (p<0.05) of hepatic ascorbic acid content, reduced glutathione level, body weight and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in distilled water- treated diabetic rats. The increased and reduced parameters were reverted back to the range of the non-diabetic control animals in the groups treated with metformin and extract particularly 100mg/kg b.w. dosage.Item Open Access Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity of Crude Latex Obtained From Calotropis Procera Stem(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2023-01-01) Obagu, E.; Ajiboso, S.O.Evaluation of wound healing activity of crude latex of Calotropis procera stem was investigated in this present study. Thirty (30) rats of both sexes were divided into six groups of five animals each, Group A was administered distilled water only; group B was treated with 0% Calotropis procera crude latex + 100% ointment ; group C was treated with 25% C. Calotropis procera crude latex + 75% ointment; group D was treated with 50% Calotropis procera crude latex + 50% ointment; group E was treated with 75% Calotropis procera crude latex + 25% ointment and group F was treated with 100% Calotropis procera crude latex + 0% ointment. In In-vitro studies; the data was expressed as average cell number, the more the concentration of crude latex of Calotropis procera plant the more the average cell number. Excision wound model showed significant increase (P<0.05) in percentage wound closure in groups treated with latex (C to F). On day 16 increased wound closure was observed with increase in amount of stem latex mostly group F with mean value of 100.00±2.27%. Least wound closure on mean value of 45.63±4.48% was observed in group administered distilled water only. in-vitro studies (average number of cell), incision wound model (tensile strength) and hydroxyproline also showed significant increase (p>0.05) with increased concentration of crude latex. Hydroxyproline enhances the production of collagen, an essential component of the extracellular matrix required for wound healing. From the present study, the crude latex of Calotropis procera stem was observed to possess important phytochemicals with angiogenesis and fibrogenesis properties. Further research works on identification and isolation of bioactive component(s) that are responsible for the wound healing activity in the crude latex of Calotropis procera stem are recommended.Item Open Access FRACTIONATION AND BIOACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPS PROCERA LEAF(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-09-12) Ajiboso, S.O.Calotropis procera, a multipurpose plant that is native to Asia and Africa has been reported to possess remedies for several temperate and tropical ailments. The use oits leaf for management of diabetes mellitus is popular among Nigerian populace, but investigation into its fraction which actually possesses the anti- diabetic property is unavailable. Thus, fractionation and bioactivity of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf was carried out in the present study. The mean values of results showed that five (05) different fractions (F1 – F5) were obtained from the fractionation. Volatile oils constituted 60% of the crude extract fractions followed by alkaloids (10%), phenols (10%), saponins (10%) and glycosides (10%). The in-vivo toxicity study of the extract showed tha there were no extract-related moralities and pathological signs such as visual observations for behavioural pattern (restlessness, respiratory, distress, diarrhoea, convulsion, salivation, lethargy and sleep), changes in physical appearance, fur, injury, pain, and signs of illness in the normal rats administered different doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weights) of the extract of throughout the period of the treatment. The experimental animals administered the fractions generally and significantly showed increase (at P>0.05) in body weight. Alloxan induction significantly increased (at P>0.05) the blood glucose level of the experimental animals while the fractions mostly the volatile oil fraction also significantly decreased (at P>0.05) the blood glucose level of the animals. The volatile oil fraction appeared to possess the most active principle(s) against hyperglycemia and eventual diabetes mellitus. Systemically, the animals administered the fractions were pharmaco-kinetic and pharmaco-dynamic stable. Therefore, an in-depth research work on the toxicity of the fractions is hereby recommended.Item Open Access FUNCTIONAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF KUNU PRODUCED FROM GROUNDNUT/RICE (KUNU GYEDA)(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-11-11) Ajiboso, O.M.; Ajiboso, S.O.The functional and nutritional properties of blend of roasted groundnut and rice (kunungyeda) in ratio 57:47 g were analysed using standard procedures. The mean results of nutritional property were moisture (8.20±0.4%), ash (2.7±0.0) crude protein (23.1±1.5%), crude fat (8.0±1.7%), crude fibre (6.4±0.2%), carbohydrate by difference (51.6±3.0%) and energy (72.0±2.0 kcal/j).The 25 untrained panelists comprising of students and staff of Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Federal Polytechnic Bida, Niger – Nigeria scored ‗fairly like‘ for taste (2.2±0.0), texture (2.0±0.0) and general acceptability (2.1±0.1); ‗indifferent‘ for colour (3.1±0.1) and ‗fairly dislike‘ for appearance (4.2±0.2). The mean results of the functional property of roasted groundnut and rice blend (kunugyeda) were water absorbing capacity (21.2±1.7g/cm3), bulk density (0.8±0.0 g/cm3), foaming capacity (0.1±0.0g/cm3), swelling capacity (3.3±0.1 g/cm3) and oil absorption capacity (1.8±0.1 g/cm3). The values obtained in this study were within the acceptable values llllocal and conventional weaning foods. The use of kunugyeda as weaning food and upgrading to viable commercial standard are recommended in this present study.Item Open Access Influence of Calcium and Magnesium on Growth Rate and Antioxidant Responses of Glycine Max Seedlings Grown under Water Deficit and Waterlogged Conditions(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-01-05) Dallah, A.; Ajiboso, S.O.; Mairiga, Jamey PetersStandard procedures were used to determine the influence of calcium and magnesium on growth rate and antioxidant responses of Glycine max seedlings grown under water deficit and waterlogged conditions. The results of the 3 – week old seedlings subjected to 14 days growth under water stress conditions revealed significant decrease (P>0.05) in growth indices (number of leaf, height difference and relative water content) in water deficit and waterlogged seedlings. However, malonaldehyde and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbic acid and vitamin E) significantly increased (P>0.05) in the water stressed samples mostly water deficit seedlings when compared to control group grown under normal condition. In the present study, water supply below and above plant consumptive level for a minimum period of 14 days resulted in generation of reactive oxygen species, peroxidation of lipid and release of defensive mechanism such as endogenous enzymatic and non – enzymatic antioxidants. The macro – nutrients (magnesium and calcium) at the concentration of 40 mg/L mostly magnesium played defensive, compensatory and survival roles in the growth and recovery of soyabean seedlings from water stress effects. Fortification of these macronutrients in agricultural chemicals and adoption in semi arid or arid regions is hereby recommendedItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT ON HISTOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF LIVER, KIDNEY AND RED BLOOD CELLS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-12-12) Ajiboso, S.O.Diabetes is becoming the third killer disease of mankind, after cancer and cardiovascular diseases because of its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Diabetes complications are burden on vital organs in the body. Nephropathy and liver failure are common among diabetic patients. In view of this, influence of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf on histology and morphology of liver, kidney and red blood cells in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated in the present study. Alloxan induction resulted in 5-fold elevation of blood glucose level in administered groups B to F when compared to non-induced group A. The photomicrograph of the untreated diabetic group B showed degenerated liver tissue and loss of integrity, narrowed Bowman capsule with disarrayed glomeruli and disrupted red blood cell (crenation) with reduction in RBC size. The extract at higher doses particularly 100 mg/kg b.w. extract significantly lowered (p<0.05) the elevated values back to normal (19.7 to 3.3 mmol/L). The extract at higher doses restored the integrity and organization of the atrophied organs and also ameliorated deformility in red blood cells (RBC) rheology as evident from photomicrographs of administered groups (C, D, E and F). In the present study, the extract repaired scarred organs and also offered protection and restoration to red blood cells in administered groups when compared to non-administered group B.Item Open Access Influence of chloroquine and sulfadoxine on biochemical and hematological indices in albino rats(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-08-08) Ajiboso, S.O.The influence of chloroquine base drugs, sulfadoxine and their combination on biochemical and hematological indices was studied for five days in adult Rattus novergicus of mean weight 150.5±0.5g using standard procedures. At p<0.05, there was significant increase in activity of transaminases in the serum and liver of groups administered chloroquine base drugs (CS, CP) and their combination with sulfadoxine (CS+SP, CP+SP). The activity of serum and liver GOT was significantly unchanged in sulfadoxine administered groups (SP) while activity of serum and liver ALP was significantly decreased when compared to saline given group (control). The GOT/GPT ratios obtained were generally less than 1 indicating intact liver cells integrity. Drugs effects on total bilirubin and albumin were of no statistical significance while sulfadoxine significantly increased creatinine level. The tested drugs induced significant increase in hemoglobin, PCV, WBC, neutrophil and lymphocytes levels in experimental rats. Decreased body weights and crenated red blood cells were observed in CS and CP administered groups. The functional observational battery and locomotor signs observed in drugs administered groups include weakness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, nose bleeds, decreased body weight, swollen gum and anorexia. Single therapy of chloroquine base drugs (CS and CP) particularly CS showed more toxic effects on biochemical and hematological indices in administered rats than other tested drugs, sulfadoxine was also observed to suppress the functional activity of chloroquine base in their combination in this study. The idiosyncratic reactions (eosinophilia and basophillia) resulting from allergic host response and other related conditions such as hemoglobinuria, polycythemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphocytosis observed in this study may resolve over short period of time upon discontinuation of offending drugs.Item Open Access The influence of zinc and selenium on some biochemical responses of Vigna unguiculata and Zea mays to water deficit condition and rehydration(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-12-12) Ajiboso, S.O.; Gbenga, Adenuga A.The influence of zinc and selenium on some biochemical responses (lipid peroxidation, ascorbate, glutathione, growth rate, mineral content, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities) of cowpea and maize seedlings to water deficit condition and rehydration were investigated. Plants seedlings were exposed to water deficit condition for 14 days. The relative water content in whole plant tissues was reduced from 78.6% (control) to 50.0% (water deficit) and 70.1% (control) to 37.3% (water deficit) for cowpea and maize samples respectively. Selenium-treated samples showed higher RWC values for both normal and water deficit samples. Under water deficit conditions, general increase in the levels of the biochemical parameters was recorded. Effects of water deficit were more pronounced on the maize samples than cowpea. At P<0.05, water deficit samples showed significant increase in MDA levels and antioxidant enzymes activities; the activity of selenium in reducing water deficit effects reached statistical significance and was also found remarkable due to its non-accumulation in the plant samples. In this present investigation, water deficit induced 7 times, 10 times and 12 times increases in the Fe, P and N contents respectively of water deficit cowpea samples. The water deficit maize samples also showed 6 times and 5 times levels of P and N respectively. Water deficit cowpea sample treated with selenium once weekly (WOS) returned back to full turgor after 6 days of rehydration with water. Rehydration caused significant reductions in MDA levels and antioxidant enzymes activities. The use of antioxidant chemicals particularly selenium is therefore recommended in this study to farmers that reside in the zone of short term drought.Item Open Access NUTRITIONAL QUALITIES OF PANCAKE PRODUCED FROM CASSAVA AND SOYFLOURS BLENDS ENRICHED WITH CALOTROPIS PROCERA LEAF SOAKED WATER(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-09-09) Ajiboso, S.O.The nutritional qualities of pancake produced from cassava and soy flours blends enriched with Calotropis procera leaf soaked water was carried out using standard procedures. The results revealed ranges of mean values of 4.9-5.5%; and 0.4-1.6%; 3.8-11.0%; 11.0-17.2% 0.5-1.0% and 15.3-26.6% for moisture, ash, fat, protein, fibre and carbohydrates respectively in the formulated samples. Increased amount of soy flour in the formulation increased the crude fat and protein contents of the samples. At P>0.05, there was no significant effect of increased amount of soya flour on the moisture, ash, and carbohydrates contents of the samples. However, crude fat and proteins were significantly increased at P>0.05. The mean energy values were in the range of 186.6-228.5k/cal, there was no significant effects (P>0.05) of soy flour addition on energy values of samples A & B (186k/cal) and samples C & D (224.7kcal) but A & B and C & D significantly differed in energy value at P>0.05, increased amount of soy flour showed increment in the energy value. The relatively high moisture content of the blends may be attributed to the water absorbing capacity of cassava since cassava is rich in starch. Addition of soy flour positively correlates with increased and decreased levels of crude protein and carbohydrates by difference respectively. The sensory properties evaluated were taste, flavour, appearance, mouth feel and general acceptability. Soyflour and the enricher inclusion in the formulation were concluded to account for the increased nutritional and sensory qualities of the pancake samples. More research work on the use of natural plant extracts as enrichers or coagulants in confectioneries is hereby recommended.Item Open Access RESPONSE OF SOME HEPATIC CARBOHYDRATES METABOLIZING ENZYMES TO AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA LEAF IN DIABETIC RAT(Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-01-01) Ajiboso, S.O.; Tarfa, F.D.Diabetes mellitus is a global disease affecting mankind regardless of age, race, gender, economic status and geographical location. Diabetes mellitus is associated with biochemical complications such as alteration and fluctuation in enzyme activity. The response of some carbohydrates metabolizing enzymes to aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf in alloxanised rat was studied under standard conditions. In the present study, there was significant increase (p>0.05) in blood glucose level (21.80 – 22.70mmol/L) and activities of hexokinase (5.70unit/g tissue) and phosphofructokinase (17.00unit/g tissue) while activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (56.80unit/g tissue) and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (6.60unit/g tissue) were significantly decreased (p>0.05) in alloxanised groups when compared to non-diabetic group. Administration of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf lowered the high blood glucose level and reverted back the values of the enzymes back to normal in extract administered groups. The extract performance in terms of hypoglycaemic activity and reversion of enzyme activity back to normal was dose – dependent, with highest performance exhibited by 100 mg/kg dose of extract, this dosage (100 mg/kg) compared favourably in performance with metformin – a standard antidiabetic drug. From the present study, the 100 mg/kg dose of the extract can be used to correct diabetic complications and biochemical disorders associated with these enzymes.