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Open Access
Growth suppression of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by a non-DT104 strain in vitro
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2006-05-20) Ngwai, Y.B.; Adachi, Y.; Ogawa, Y.
Growth suppression of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by a non-DT104 strain was investigated in vitro. Chromosomal mutants of eight antibiotic-resistant DT104 strains were generated by subculturing on desoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar containing 25 μg/ml of nalidixic acid. Low counts of each of these mutants (designated as “minority cultures”) were inoculated into 24-h cultures of a non-DT104 S. typhimurium strain (designated as “majority culture”) to test the ability of the majority culture to suppress the multiplication of the minority culture. Multiplication of small numbers of the antibiotic-resistant DT104 strains was significantly (P < 0.05) prevented when the DT104s were added to 24-h brain heart infusion cultures of the non-DT104 strain. This observation has practical implications for the control of the menacing antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104.
Open Access
Characterization of biofilm-Forming abilities of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 on hydrophobic abiotic Surfaces
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2006-05-06) Ngwai, Y.B.; Yoshikazu, Adachi; Yasuki, Ogawa; Hiromichi, Hara
Salmonella typhimurium DT104 strain has emerged as a global human and veterinary public health concern because of its antibiotic resistance and extensive host range.
Open Access
Analysis of the protein profiles of the antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2005-05-01) Ngwai, Y.B.; Kozo, Ochi; Yasuki, Ogawa; Yoshikazu, Adachi
The emergent Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 104 is of particular global concern due to its frequent isolation and multiple antibiotic resistances. There is thus a need to know the kind of proteins expressed by S. typhimurium DT104 so as to provide a basis for developing an intervention. This study examined the protein profiles of a few isolates of S. typhimurium DT104 and a non-DT104 strain S. typhimurium L1388 (ST). Crude SDS-soluble whole cell and outer membrane protein (OMP) extracts revealed similar protein profiles for both phage types. A single major protein band (28.4 kDa) was observed in periplasmic fractions from both phage types. However, proteins released into growth medium was variable; one of the DT104 isolates had common proteins with the non-DT104 strain ST. Similar SDS-soluble whole cell protein profiles were observed for both phage types grown in a low-iron Medium A at 37oC; but a 38.5 kDa protein (observed in TSB-grown cells) was observed only in the temperature-tolerant DT104 isolate. The protein contents of cell-free ultracentrifuge supernatants of sonically disrupted cells of each of the DT104 isolates were significantly (P < 0.05) more than that from ST L1388, but the latter expressed a 51-kDa protein absent in the supernatants of all DT104 isolates. The higher protein content of DT104s provides possible indication of increased production of proteinlike metabolites. Although the N-terminal sequence of the first twenty amino acids of the 51-kDa protein (Ala-Gln-Val-Ile-Asn-Thr-Asn-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Thr-Gln-Trp-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala) showed 14-amino acid overlap and resemblance with the flagillin, FLIC, only fourteen of its 104 trypsin digests were homologous with those of FLIC. Further work is being done to characterize this protein and to investigate its potential for use as vaccine target through antigenicity tests
Open Access
Frequency Of Ampicillin Resistance In Uropathogenic Strains Of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Patients With Suspected Urinary Tract Infection In Zaria.
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2005-05-03) Ngwai, Y.B.; Onaolapo, J.A.; Ehinimidu, J.O.; Ibrahim, Y.K.E.; Olutimayin, G.O.
Sixty Five (65) Isolates Of Escherichia Coli Were Isolated From Urine Of Both In-patients and out-patients with suspected urinary tract infections attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH).
Open Access
Adherence Of Escherichia Coli To Urinary Catheter a function Of time, temperature and cell physiology
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2005-05-02) Ngwai, Y.B.; Ibrahim, K.; Ijele, I.G.
The in-vitro adhesion of Escherichia coli to urinary catheter was investigated by standard procedure Adhesion depended on time and temperature lower adhesion densities were observed when the contact time was only 2h or 6h.
Open Access
Influences Of PH, Serum, And Low Iron To The Growth Of The MultiDrug Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 And The Pathogenicity To Day -Old Chicks..
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2003-04-20) Ngwai, Y.B.; Kozo, Ochi; Yasuki, Ogawa; Kazumitsu, Tamura; Yoshikazu, Adachi
Biochemical Characteristics Of Five Clinical Isolates Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 were Compared with those of S.Typhimurium non-DT104.
Open Access
Evaluation of Aviguard, a Commercial Competitive Exclusion Product for Efﬁcacy and After-Effect on the Antibody Response of Chicks to Salmonella
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2002-04-22) Nakamura, A.; Ota, Y.; Mizukami, A.; Ito, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Adachi, Y.
The competitive exclusion (CE) action of Aviguard (AG) and its effects on the antibody response of chicks were evaluated in this study. We observed that AG protected the chicks from overwhelming colonization. Fourteen days after infection, fewer AG-pretreated than non-pretreated chicks shed salmonellae from their coloacain both infected groups,although much less from SE-infected chicks. Antibody titers of sera produced to Salmonella typhimurium(ST)and SE inpretreated and non-pretreated chicks were not signiﬁcantly different.
Open Access
Anti-inﬂammatory, analgesic and anti-lymphocytic activities of the aqueous extract of Crinum giganteum
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2001-04-21) Kapu, S.D.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Kayode, O.; Akah, P.A.; Wambebe, C.; Gamaniel, K.
The anti-inﬂammatory, anti-lymphocytic and analgesic properties of Crinum giganteum, a popular herb used for the management of asthma and other respiratory disorders was investigated in rats and mice. The extract dose-dependently produced signiﬁcant (P 0.05) inhibition of formalin induced pain in rats. It also demonstrated signiﬁcant (P 0.01) inhibition of abdominal constriction induced with 0.75% v/v acetic acid in mice. On the cotton pellet induced granulomatous tissue formation in rats, the extract signiﬁcantly (P 0.05) decreased the weight. However, no signiﬁcant inhibition was observed in the egg albumin-induced inﬂammation in rats. Oral administration of this extract in rats for 14 days signiﬁcantly affected (P 0.05) the total leukocyte count and the overall percentage lymphocytes. The intraperitoneal and per oral LD50 were 627 5.8mg/kg and 1486 18.9 mg/kg in mice and 520 10.2mg/kg and 1023 4.3 mg/kg in rats, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract indicates the presence of tannins. These results therefore indicate that C. giganteum bulb contains biologically active principles, which have potentials for the treatment of inﬂammatory processes. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Testing for novel inhibitors of periodontitis-associated sialidases
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-07-10) Galleh, Raphael Peter; Lambert, D.W.; Stafford, G.P.
The microorganisms associated with severe periodontitis are the periodontal pathogens of the red complex: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. These organisms cleave sialic acids found at the terminal end of host glycoconjugates by hydrolysing the glycosidic linkages with their expressed sialidases, thereby affecting the integrity of the host periodontium and promoting disease progression. Both p. gingivalis (SiaPG) and T. forsythia (NanH) sialidase enzymes were purified using HisTag affinity chromatography and a range of putative synthetic and plant-based inhibitors were tested for their ability to inhibit both enzymes using a ٨لا٨لالا ٧ cleavage assay. Investigation of sialidase inhibitory activity of these compounds revealed that the plant derived alkaloids: Epicatechin gallate (IC50 = 21.75pM and 1 20.9pM) and Berberine chloride (IC50 = 106.2pM and 1 25.5pM) were more effective inhibitors of both SiaPg and NanH enzymes than the anti-influenza drug Zanamivir, an FDA approved viral neuraminidase inhibitor. Finally, a range of newly synthesized sialic acid analogues were effective in the micromolar to nanomolar range against both SiaPg and NanH enzymes with compound 2e3aDFNeu5Ac9N3 having an IC50 of (3.846pM and . ا م) respectively. The data suggests several novel inhibitors of these enzymes that might have future use as novel drugs against diseases such as periodontitis, and which we are currently testing further in host-pathogen interaction studies.
Open Access
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients Accessing Healthcare in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-06-13) Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Victor, Oti B.; Aliribe, Gloria A.; Abimiku, Ajegena S.; Galleh, Raphael Peter
nfections of Hepatitis B and C viruses among seropositive Human immunodeficiency virus patients are a growing public health problem in Sub Saharan Africa characterized by unaffordable treatment, severe morbidity and associated mortality. This study was aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV infected patients accessing health care at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. The cross-sectional study took place between May-July 2016. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from HIV patients after informed consent and self-administered questionnaires were completed. The samples were centrifuged and the serum screened for HBV and HCV using the immunochromatographic technique. A general prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses in the study population was 17.5%. The prevalence of HBV infection was 12.5% while HCV was 5.0%. Females have higher infection rates for both viruses (p > 0.05). HBV infection was highest among those aged 20-29 years (14.3%) and lowest among those aged 30-39 years (6.5%). HCV infection was highest among those aged > 40 years (8.7%) and least among those aged 30-39 years (0.0%). Infection rates with blood transfusion, smoking habit, scarification marks and alcohol intake as risk factors were more for HBV than HCV (p > 0.05). The HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfection prevalence of 12.5% and 5.0% respectively is a cause for concern. This finding underscores the urgent need for more proactive HBV immunization programs and screening of HIV patients for HBV and HCV before and even during antiretroviral therapy. Health education against these silent killers should also be advocated.
Open Access
ANTIBIOGRAM OF NON-SORBITOL FERMENTING ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES IN KEFFI, NIGERIA
(Deepartment of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2014-01-01) Ngwai, Y. B.; Gyar, S. D.; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Makut, M.D.; Ishaleku, D.; Corosi, S. M.; Nkene, I. H.; Uzoamaka, N.
Non-sorbitol fermenting Escherichia coli, particularly 0157:H7, are major public health concern. This study was undertaken to isolate and identify non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) E. coli from stool samples and food sources in Keffi metropolis. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples of vegetables (100), raw beef (110), undercooked beef (60), local fresh milk product ("Nono”: 50), cow dung (10) and human stool (100) were collected from five different locations in Keffi metropolis and NSF E. coli was isolated and confirmed by culture on Sorbitol MacConkey agar, Eosine Methylene Blue agar and biochemical tests namely, Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Poskauer and citrate test (IMViC). Antibiotics susceptibility tests using standard procedure were carried on the isolates. E. coli was detected in 298 (69.3%) samples. Of the positive samples, 64 (21.5%) were NSF E coli with high detection in raw beef (43.8%) and cow dung (40.0%); and 234 (78.5%) were sorbitol-fermenting (SF) strains with high detection in all sources. The NSF E. coli were highly susceptible to septrin (79.7%), peflacine (68.8%), streptomycin (71.9%), gentamicin (62.5%) and ofloxacin (70.3%); but less to ampicillin (12.5%), augmentin (32.8%), ceporex (32.8%), nalidixic acid (43.8%) and ciprofloxacin (48.4%). There were 46 different resistance phenotypes with AU, CPX, SXT, S, PN, CEP, OFX, NA, PEF; AU, CPX, PN, CEP, NA; AU, PN, CEP, NA, CN; PN, CEP, NA, CN; and CPX, PN, NA dominating at 4.7 % each. MAR was observed in all the isolates with resistance to 4 and 5 antibiotics being more frequent at 23.4% and 21.9% respectively. The lowest MAR index was 0.3. In conclusion, non-sorbitol fermenting E. coli was shown to contaminate some cabbage vegetables, raw beef, undercooked beef, and "Nono” consumed in Keffi metropolis. The NSF E. coli were more susceptible to septrin, aminoglycosides and ofloxacin; and originate from an environment where antimicrobials are freely available and misused. __ _
Open Access
Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in Gastric Cancer Risk Region of North Central, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-11-24) Ayibatari, Azebi; Galleh, Raphael Peter; Anowai, Clementina Ogo; Abbas, Abel Anzaku; Adamu, Ishaku Akyala
Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases with associated risk factor of developing gastric cancer and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma if left untreated. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of virulence genes and associated risk factors of H. pylori among adults in a gastric cancer risk region of Nasarawa State, North central Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine H. Pylori status of 434 adults in gastric cancer high risk region of Nasarawa State from January to August, 2021. Associated risk factors and virulence genes (positive/β-(1, 3) galT of jhp0562, cagA, vacA, and hrgA) was evaluated from gastric biopsy specimens of dyspepsia patients. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 45.6% (198/434). The rate of infection was higher in male subjects (40.6%) than in female (23.8%); P<0.001) and higher significantly among adults with the following associated risk factors: unboil water, consumption of alcohol, low income, and Urban residency. Un- boiled water consumption and alcohol consumption were independent risk factors for H. pylori infection (odds ratio=7.48 vs OR=9.78 respectively). Of the 198 strains cultured, 76.9% carried Western-type cagA, with a higher proportion in Male (86.4%) than in Female (50.0%), P=0.05). Patients infected with East Asian-type cagA strains (P=0.027) have lesser inflammation scores in the antrum than those infected with the Western-type cagA strains. Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nasarawa State, with unclean water source, and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for H. pylori infection. The incidence of gastric cancer in Nasarawa State is associated with circulating virulence genes of cagA, vacA, hrgA and jhp0562-positive/β-(1, 3) galT.
Open Access
Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica Infection Using Microscopy and Adhesin Detection Methods among School Children in Central Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-06-22) Victor, Oti B.; Galleh, Raphael Peter; Moses, Ezhim I.; Paul., Tsaku A.; Abimiku, Ajegena S.; Oti, Augustina C.; Isaac, Oti B.
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection using microscopy and adhesin detection methods among school children in Central Nigeria. After ethical clearance, stool samples of three hundred and sixty (360) children aged 5-16 years old as adopted by FMOH (2013) were randomly collected between September-December 2015 and were examined for E. histolytica cysts/trophozoites using microscopy and TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA test (Sigma Diagnostic Inc, USA) in six public primary schools in Keffi, Nasarawa State. The TechLab E. histolytica II ELISA result showed that out of the 88 (24.4%) stool samples positive by microscopy, 85 (96.6%) samples were positive for E. histolytica antigens while 3 (3.4%) were negative. The overall prevalence of the infection using microscopy method was 24.4%. Males recorded a higher prevalence 64 (30.5%) than females 24 (16.0%). Children aged 6-10 years recorded the highest prevalence of 37 (28.5%) while the lowest 22 (21.6%) was showed in those aged <6 years. There was significant difference in the infection rate among the sex of the children (p≤ 0.05). The association was also significant based on location of the children’s homes and finger sucking habit. Children living outside Keffi town had a higher prevalence 34 54 (23.9%). Out of the children infected, 23 this study age, pupil’s class, occupations of facility had no statistical significance with programmes that will promote personal and environmental hygiene and regular mass treatment are suggested strategies to mitigate transmission of the infection especially in children who are usually asymptomatic.
Open Access
Phytochemical and Antibiofilm Activity of Aloe barbadensismiller (Aloe vera) on Candida albicans Isolated from Urinary Catheter
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-03-06) Galleh, Raphael Peter; Nwosisi, Favour C.; Mohammed, F.; Aisha, F.
Aims: To screen for phytochemicals present in Aloe barbadensismiller (Aloe vera) growing within the Main Campus of Nasarawa State University Keffi (NSUK), determine biofilm forming ability, and to investigate the antibiofilm activity of the plant extracts on biofilm formed by clinical isolates of Candida isolated from urinary catheters. Study Design: The leaf of Aloe vera were collected and maceration method was used to extract the plant materials used for the screening of bioactive components. Swab samples were collected from the surfaces of patients’ urinary catheters presenting at Federal Medical Centre and Nagari Hospital, Keffi respectively, irrespective of their ages and sexes. Biofilm forming ability of the isolates was investigated and the antibiofilm activity of the plant extracts determined. Ordinary one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data where P = .05. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out in the Microbiology Laboratory of NSUK, using the Aloe vera plant collected within the University community and the biofilm analysis was conducted at National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom Plateau State, between October 2018 to March 2019. Methodology: Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were screened for aloin, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids etc, and the Candida species were subjected to biofilm formation in a flat bottom 96-well microtiter polystyrene plate using crystal violet assay. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts whereas, antibiofilm activity of the extracts was investigated by growing biofilms in the presence of Aloe vera leaf extracts. Results: The presence of tannin, saponins, phenols, reducing sugars and aloin were found in the leaf aqueous extract while alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, phenols, reducing sugars, terpenoids, quinones and aloin in the ethanolic extract. Clinical isolates of Candida were found to be strong biofilm formers (70%). Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts had significant effects on initial cell attachment where P = .05, however, none was able to achieve complete biofilm eradication, including the positive control ketoconazole. Ethanolic extract inhibits C. albicans cell attachment by 54.25%, aqueous extract 25.68% and ketoconazole has 48.54% percentage inhibition, respectively. Interestingly, ethanolic extracts showed a better antibiofilm property (37.38%) compared to ketoconazole that had 33.98% biofilm inhibition. Conclusion: The leaf extracts of Aloe barbadensismiller has significantly reduced biofilm formed by clinical isolates of Candida. Coating of urinary catheters with A. vera extracts can decrease nosocomial infections, morbidity, and high mortality as well as financial burden, hence, serving as an alternative treatment for urinary tract infections.
Open Access
Periodontitis: The Irreversible Gum Disease
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-24) Galleh, Raphael Peter
Open Access
Palmatine and berberine chloride synergistically Inhibit NanH sialidase of Tannerella forsythia
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-05-05) Galleh, Raphael Peter; Lambert, D.W.; Stafford, G.P.
The periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia is associated with severe periodontitis, and expresses NanH sialidases that cleave sialic acids by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bonds to underlying sugars. Palmatine and berberine chloride are plant-derived alkaloids with pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti- bacterial properties. Recombinant NanH sialidase was purified using HisTag affinity chromatography while sialidase activity was determined using 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-a-D-neuraminic acid (MUNANA) as a substrate. The individual and synergistic effects of palmatine and berberine chloride on NanH sialidase inhibition was determined as well as their antimicrobial effects. The IC50 values of palmatine and berberine chloride were found to be 0.143 and 0.474 mM respectively. A significant synergistic effect was observed when a 0.20 mM:O.5O mM Palmatine:Berberine chloride mixture was used, inhibiting NanH sialidase by almost 1 00%, as compared to 0.2 mM palmatine and 0.5 mM berberine chloride invidually, which inhibit sialidase activityby 60.33 and 55.94%, respectively. Additionally, an antimicrobial viability assay was conducted and, 0.5 mM palmatine and 0.45 mM berberine showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Tannerella forsythia. Lastly, to examine potential toxicity to host cells, thecytotoxic effects of palmatine (0.1 5 mM) on H357 oral squamous carcinoma cells was investigated using a trypan blue assay and palmatine was found not to be toxic. In summary, a combination of palmatine and berberine display significant synergistic inhibitory effects on NanH with minimal cytotoxic effects as well as potential antimicrobialeffects on the oral pathogen T. forsythia. Suggesting thatthese compounds may have potential for future development.
Open Access
Assessment of the Biofilm Forming Potentials of Microorganisms Associated with Tooth Decay in Central Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-05-24) Galleh, Raphael Peter; Benjamin, Ashe'uya A.; Mohamme, A. Mohammed; Victor, Oti B.; Busayo, Olayinka O.
Dental biofilm forming organisms are the major sources of oral diseases globally.The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify common microorganisms associated with tooth decay and assessing their biofilm forming potentials in a tertiary healthcare facility in Central Nigeria. Eleven (11) swabs samples were collected from the oral cavity of participants presented with tooth decay and wereinoculated in Nutrient broth for 24 hours. The broth cultures were later standardized and inoculated on Mueller-Hinton agar andSabouroud dextrose agarfor the isolation of bacterial and fungal species respectively. The isolates were identified and characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Sixteen of the isolates were selected for quantitative biofilm formation assay which was performed by the microtiter plate and spectrophotometer assay. Among the microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus had the highest percentage of occurrence (18.75%) while Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans had the lowest percentage of occurrence (6.25%). Of the 16 isolates tested, 5 (31.25%) were strong, 9 (56.25%) were moderate and 2 (12.5%) were weak biofilm formers. The absorbance was considered as an index of biofilm formation. This study has reported the predominance of bacterial species associated with tooth decay and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first public report that has quantify the biofilm forming potential of C. albicans in Central Nigeria. This may improve the current knowledge of microbial pattern and biofilm forming potentials in tooth decay individuals in Nigeria.
Open Access
Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-05-05) Tama, S.C.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.
Aims: This study investigates and reports the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli isolates in poultry droppings sourced from selected poultry farms in Karu, Nigeria Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between August 2019 and February 2020. Methodology: Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard cultural and microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: All (100%) samples collected had E. coli. Antibiotic resistances in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: ampicillin (96.7%), streptomycin (94.4%), sulphamethoxazole /trimethoprim (87.8%), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (61.1%), gentamicin (52.2%), ciprofloxacin (40.0%), ceftazidime (35.6%), cefotaxime (31.1%), imipenems (22.2%), cefoxitin (13.3%). The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AMP-SXT-S-CTX-CN (8.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 92.2% (83/90) of the isolates with the common MAR indices being 0.5 (26.5%), 0.6 (19.2%), 0.4 (13.2%) and 0.9 (10.8%). Fifty nine of the eighty beta-lactam resistant isolates (73.7%) were confirmed ESBL producers. 55 of the 59 ESBL positive isolates (93.2%) carried bla genes as follows: blaSHV (50/55, 90.9%), blaTEM (31/55, 56.3%) and blaCTX-M (46/55, 83.6%). Thirty six (65.5%) of the 55 isolates carried two bla genes (blaSHV and blaTEM, blaTEM and blaCTX-M, and blaCTX-M and blaSHV). Conclusion: The E. coli isolates showed lower resistances to cefoxitin, imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin and most isolates were MAR, with resistance to 5 antibiotics being the most predominant. In addition, blaSHV gene was the most common ESBL gene detected in the confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates
Open Access
Soil microbial status under different land use systems in Gombe state, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-06-23) Theophilus, James; El-Hassan, Aliyu; Ishaku, Deborah,; Yauta, Sani Abubakar; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; et. al
Microorganisms are of primary importance for soil quality and natural productivity. Four land use systems viz., Forestry, Horticulture, Agriculture and Pasture at four different locations viz., Bajoga, Gombe, Boderi and Kanawa were identified in determining population of microorganisms in the soil. The samples were collected, numbered and labelled with date and site of collection in an air-tight pre-sterilized polyethene bags before transportation to the laboratory. Serial dilution pour plate technique was used for estimation of total bacterial, fungal, actnomycetes and azotobacter using specific media. The plates were incubated at temperatures specific to particular microbe for 2 – 3 days. The colonies that developed on media were counted by electronic colony counter. The microbial counts were expressed as colony forming unit per gram of soil (CFU/g soil). The highest bacterial count (CFU/g) was found in forest land use with the mean value (192.66) and the lowest (41.33) was found in agricultural land use system. The highest total fungal count (CFU/g) was recorded in forest land use with the mean value (77.33) and the lowest (10.33) was found in agricultural land use system. The highest total viable actinomycetes count (CFU/g) was recorded in forest land use with the mean value (62) and the lowest (3) was found in agricultural land use system as compared to other soils in the study area. The perusal of data reveals that for the total azotobacter count (CFU/g), the highest was recorded in forest soils because of the presence of more organic matter with mean value (22.66) as compared with the other land use systems. The lowest was found in agriculture (4.33). Lowest microbial count in agricultural soils may result to poor soil quality and natural productivity which may lead to famine a natural disaster. Planting of cover crops will improve soil structure, enhance soil fertility and sustain or increase soil organic matter and soil biological activity.
Open Access
Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus patients at a tertiary health care facility in Central Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2020-04-30) Alaku, Sarah; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus is a major public health problem especially in developing countries. In this study, the prevalence of HBV infection was evaluated among 400 consenting HIV patients accessing healthcare in Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria using HBsAg detection as the surrogate. Blood samples were collected and screened for HBsAg using ACON screening kit (ACON Laboratories Inc, USA). The Chi-square statistical test was performed to identify possible determining factors associated with the viral infection. Overall, 30 (7.5%) of the participants were reactive to HBsAg. The possible determining factors for acquiring the virus recorded in this study were marital status and alcoholism (p<0.05). Gender, age, educational status, occupation, history of blood transfusion, locality, cigarette smoking, self-manicure and pedicure, tribal marks, tattoos and history of HBV vaccination were not significantly associated with acquiring the viral infection (p>0.05). This finding calls for a concern because coinfection of HBV with HIV accelerates disease progression and also has an effect on the management of patients infected with HIV.