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  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF STAFF TRAINING ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE: IN NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2002-2012.
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-01-15) UMAR, SHEHU
    This study examines the effect of staff training on performance in Nasarawa State University, Keffi. The study analyses the impact of effective and comprehensive application of training on general performance of Nasarawa State University, Keffi between the period of 2002 and 2012. The problem of this study is to find out how training has impacted on the performance of Nasarawa State University, Keffi. This study employed survey research method as a research methodology and Chi-Square statistical tool was used in analysing the data, Results from analysis of this study shows that employee training has enhance employee performance and also improved productivity in Nasarawa State University, Keffi during the period under review. Based on the above findings the study concludes that the need for sustainable maximization of the benefits of training as it affect performance of the University, the study recommends among others that training policies that trainers incorporate new thinking, new technology and ‘best’ practices globally to be able to assist the staff in meeting organizational goals and objectives.
  • ItemOpen Access
    PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF EFCC ANTI-CORRUPTION DRIVE IN GOMBE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF GOMBE STATE
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-06-06) Usman, Bappi; Abubakar, Bilkisu Mahdi; Shehu, Ibrahim Yakubu
    In Nigeria, corruption is a lucrative and dangerous threat where a mere imprisonment alone is never enough to deter the perpetrators. Other issues such as the president’s body language as well as the magnitude of punishment for offender are a factor. According to the National Bureau of Statistics corruption charges in Nigeria isestimated at about 4.6 billion naira, confirming the deterioration of Perceptions Index of Transparency International Corruption. Nigeria's 2019 CPI ranking scored the worst, scoring 27 out of 100, well below the world average of 43 and the average for Sub-Saharan Africa of32.02. Given that Transparency International is based on the perception oft he institutions rather than on measuring the actual experiences ofpublic corruption, thisstudyexamined the perception ofpublic on the anti-corruption struggle of the EFCC in Gombe local government area of Gombe State Gombe. It is a survey research and Bandura’s social learning theory constituted the theoretical frame for the paper. The multi- stagesamplingtechniquewas used to select the 407 study participants. In this study, it was found that public corruption is perceived as a serious problem that must be stopped. Factors responsible for corruption in the regioninclude poverty, unemployment, lack of patriotism, weak justice system, negative value system, and lack of social and economic security; corruption perception index of Nigeria from 1996 - 2019 was also keyed. It was also found that the impact of corruption in the area of the local government of Gombe includes a slowdown in growth and economic development, poor infrastructure development, poverty and unemployment, lack of provision of basic health services and reduction of the investment potential of the company. This research recommended the need for a mindset shift. It involves changing the value system that emphasizes the unbridled predilection for materialism.
  • ItemOpen Access
    AN ASSESSMENT OF SKILL ACQUISITION AS TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KEFFI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
    (Department of public Administration, Nasarawa state University, Keffi., 2017-03-12) Hashim, Shittu Rakiya
    Skill acquisition requires a holistic approach in the realization of creative ideas. The objective of this study is to ascertain if skill acquisition contribute to sustainable development in Keffi Local Government Area. The work adopted a descriptive research in assessing Skill Acquisition as tools for Sustainable Development in Keffi Local Government Area. As the instrument of data collection, oral interview and research questionnaire were used. The analysis of the questionnaire was done based on percentages, allowing the greater or less than factor to influence the judgment gotten from the responses. After which it was discovered that unemployment contribute to poverty, as well as the attitude of the people does not embrace skill acquisition as such making it deficient in terms of contribution towards economic sustainability of the society. Based on the followings, we suggest that issues of unemployment should be look into by the Keffi Local Government as it impacts contribute greatly to poverty within the area, well the Local Government should consider encouraging it citizens as their attitude does not embrace skill acquisition by doing this it will make the skill acquisition programme more functional and reliable so as to allow individuals feel it impact.
  • ItemOpen Access
    POLAC MANAGEMENT REVIEW (PMR) DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE NIGERIA POLICE ACADEMY, KANO
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-10-10) Umar, Elems Mahmoud; Yusuf, Abdullahi Ogwuzebe; Shehu, Ibrahim Yakubu
    A review of the evolution of Nigeria 'snational development indicates a coincidence of the political and economic symmetry. Central in the trajectory was the nonchalant attitudes of the colonialists and even the successor-nationalists, particularly toward rural development. Upon attainment of independence in 1960, successive administrations attempted to redress the huge deficits by initiating various developmental programmes targeted at rural development. Unfortunately, most of the efforts were largely symbolic, resulting in massive failure. Using growth-centre and classical neo-classical models, this paper x-rayed the utility or otherwise of the development programmes, adopting documentary and expository analyses, in alignment with previous studies. The paper concluded that previous government efforts at rural development in Nigeria were largely inefficacious; and therefore recommended that government should prioritise rural development, by committing commensurate resources, to leapfrog Nigeria over the acute rural underdevelopment.
  • ItemOpen Access
    THE ROLE OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN FEDERAL CHARACTER COMMISSION
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-02-13) Edmond, Susan Susuti
    The study examines effect of New Public Management on efficiency of service delivery in Federal Character Commission. The study used the mixture of both survey and content analysis research design method. The primary data was obtained through the instrument of questionnaire while Secondary data were obtained from the review of existing literature. The population of the study was staff of the Federal Character Commission. Quantitative method of data analysis such as regression analysis was used to analyze the data generated. The findings from the study reveal that Finding from the study shows that, there is decentralization system of authority in National Communication Commission that, decentralization system of authority in National Communication Commission has actually improved staff performance which has increase productivity in commission. Further result of the study shows that, there is no significant relationship between fair and open process of contracting and consultancy service and public service delivery. This means, there is no fair and open process of contracting and consultancy service in Federal Character Commission. This may have negative consequences on the efficiency of service delivery in the commission. The study also reveals that, there is significant relationship between Information and communication Technology and public service delivery. This means, Federal Character Commission) uses Information and communication Technology in its operation. This has significance effect on service delivery in the commission.
  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITIES OF YOUTH ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2021-01-03) Melaye, Elizabeth Shade
    This study assessed the effects of unemployment and anti-social activities of youth on socioeconomic development of Kogi stale. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of unemployment and anti-social activities of the youth in Kogi state. Survey method was adopted for the study and 300 sample respondents were selected and administered questionnaire to obtain primary data. The data were analyzed using frequency and percentage. The results obtained found out that there is a relationship between unemployment and anti-social activities in Kogi state. Therefore, the study recommended that Promotion of entrepreneurship is an indispensable component of Kogi state socioeconomic development
  • ItemOpen Access
    PROBLEMS OF PERSONNEL RECRUITMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION KOKONA LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL OF NASARAWA STATE
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2020-02-14) Bashir, Shaibu
    The project of this is to look critically into the majority impediment in the procedure of recruitment and placement of staff and to highlight and emphasis the usefulness of proper recruitment process. so that readers will be able to position staff in their organization with the right personnel, bearing in mind, the strength, weakness and expectations as well as the organizations objectives so to achieve effective performance
  • ItemOpen Access
    MOTIVATION AND EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF ADO-EKITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL OF EKITI STATE, 2005 - 2015
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasrawa State University, Keffi., 2017-03-18) Ayokunle, Temitope Ajayi
    Motivation of employees is viewed as a key concept towards the attainment of set goals and objectives in any organization. The study set out to determine the factors that influence employee motivation, with a view to establishing to what extent motivation affects employees' performance. Data were collected from 200 staff of Ado-Ekiti Local Government Secretariat, using self-administered questionnaire as well as oral interview. The analysis of the questionnaire was done based on percentages, allowing the greater or less than factor to influence the judgment obtained from the responses. The results from the analyzed questionnaires showed that workers are conscious of periodic review of their emoluments and other fringe benefits by the government as a way of enhancing productivity in Ado-Ekiti Local Government. It was also discovered that political influences, such as, who emerges the council Chairman have a bearing on the motivational programmes and employee performances of Ado-Ekiti Local Government. Arising from the foregoing, it is suggested that Government should ensure that their practice ofperiodic review of worker’s salaries and other fringe benefits does not come to an end but rather sustained as it enhances productivity in the organization. Also, the issues of political influences should be discouraged from the government institutions as it affects the motivational programmes of Ado-Ekiti Local Government with regards to Employees performance. Doing so will make the Local Government more functional and productive.
  • ItemOpen Access
    LOCAL GOVERNMENT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2019-12-03) Jideoffor, Micheal Chigbo
    The study examined the local Government as An Instrument of Rural Development, using Abuja Municipal Area Council as a case study. The major objective of the study is to find out how AMAC has stimulated rural development in the area and to determine whether AMAC has the necessary facilities for rural development. Both primary and secondary data were used for the analysis of the study. The theoretical underpinning for this study is system theory. The data were analyzed using simple percentage and tables which generally revealed that corruption was a thorn in the flesh in AMAC and that mismanagement of funds was largely responsible for the likely shortage of funds in the local government. The study recommended that the issue of corruption should be taken seriously There should also be effective monitoring of funds released to local government by the federal government through the state government.
  • ItemOpen Access
    AN ASSESSMENT OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE (FMC) KEFFI.
    (Department of public Administration, Nasarawa state University, Keffi., 2019-07-12) Shiru, Medinat
    This research study was carried out to identify the influence of AN Assessment of CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION using Federal Medical Centre Keffi as a case study. Generally, some management Experts believe that conflict in organizations is as a result of the organizational techniques being adopted by the organization. However, this proposition is still controversial among scholars. To rest further controversies, this study applied a systematic approach in conformity with acceptance research procedures. It is divided into five chapters. This first chapter discussed the background, purpose, scope, significance of this study as well as the research hypothesis formulated to guide the researcher. The review of relevant literatures in chapter two provided different views of different scholars on management of conflict in organization. Chapter three is the methodology. The research design in the survey method and 36 respondents were used as sample size. While questionnaires were used as measuring instruments. Their responses were presented and analyzed in chapter four. The research hypotheses were analyzed using the simple percentage (%) method. The research hypotheses were also analyzed in relation. In chapter five, it was concluded that no organization is conflict-free and if proper conflict resolution is taken into consideration, performances increased productivity in the federal medical centre (FMC) Keffi.
  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF NATIONAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES IN REDUCING POVERTY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF MANGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2019-12-01) Musa, Joy
    The study seeks to examine the Effect of National Poverty Alleviation programme in Reducing Poverty in Nigeria a study of Mangu Local Government. Sampling was adopted as a sampling technique during data collection from beneficiaries of using questionnaire and interview of official of Plateau state. Data were analyzed and discussed. The analysis reveals that, Mangu local government benefited from the programmes of even though no much was done because of the problems encountered. These included beneficiaries not being carried along in projects execution communication gap between policy makers and the beneficiaries, political instability and discontinuity of government, corruption, mismanagement of funds and lack of political will on the side of all staff who have access to training programmes available. Notwithstanding the challenges facing poverty alleviation programme, it still recorded success in the area of youth empowerment, community enlightenment scheme, establishment of resource centers. Recommendations were made and concluded. Adequate funding of projects should be made before embarking on such programmes. This is aimed at reducing rate of abandoned projects. There should be proper consultation between policy makers and beneficiaries and commitment on the side of the political officer holder is necessary.
  • ItemOpen Access
    THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2017-07-28) Shittu, J. Tunji
    The Local government as the third tier government in the Nigerian federation was born out of the clear need to better the lots of local citizens in the country. Generally, the work is design to identify the extent to which the Keffi Local Government Council embarks on rural and community transformation of its communities. The work adopt survey method in assessing the role of Local Government in Rural Community Transformation. As an instrument of data collection, oral interview and questionnaires were used. The analysis of the questionnaire was done based on percentages, allowing the greater or less than factor to influence the judgment gotten from the responses. After which it was discovered that most of the individuals are not pleased with the local government contribution toward rural and community transformation also, inadequate financial assistance is given which could not result to any meaningful transformation. Based on the following, the work suggest that the management of Keffi Local Government should upgrade their services as most of the individuals are not pleased with its contribution toward rural and community transformation and also, the Management of Keffi Local Government should ensure that adequate financial assistance is given, as the one given so far is inadequate for any meaningful transformation.
  • ItemOpen Access
    RECRUITMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIA CIVIL SERVICE: A STUDY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL (AMAC)
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-02-08) Kio-Lawson, Impakaboari Waite
    This study is titled: recruitment and organizational development in the Nigeria Civil service: a study of Abuja Municipal area Council (AMAC). This study is aim at assessing the system of recruitment and how it. influences organizational development. Recruitment in AMAC have been done in a way that creates loopholes and government at that level have been trying to make sure it brings up an efficient workforce and an effective job performance. The study employs survey research methods where data revealed that staff strength is grossly inadequate and hence there must be improvement in interview methods, training of staff and consideration of promotion of qualified staff.
  • ItemOpen Access
    AN ASSESSMENT OF DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, ABUJA
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2021-01-01) Nwaoha, Ndukeima Carolyn
    This study assesses the documentation and record management practices in the Nigerian Institute of Animal Science, Abuja with a view to identifying benefits that are derivable from proper records management and documentation in the organization under study. The study reviewed literature on the concepts of records, their forms as well as the lifecycle of records. It further outlined the benefits and challenges of records management and documentation. This study uses the records continuum model as its theoretical framework as it involves an investigation of the records management practices and their significance in organizational administration. The study opts for this model as compared to the other models as it delves into the specific records management practices in a continuum, beginning from when records are created to their disposal. The study purposely sampled 80 administrative staff comprising senior members (Directors), senior staff and junior staff from the Nigerian Institute of Animal Science Abuja. Flowing from the quantitative nature of the research design, structured questionnaires were used as the sole data collection instrument and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The major findings of the study revealed that the administrative documents are stored in both manual and electronic forms. This leads to quick decision making, saves office space and promotes good corporate governance. It was further indicated that there were insufficient resources in terms of professionally trained records managers, training of administrative staff and lack of office space. Therefore, it was recommended that management of Nigerian Institute of Animal Science Abuja, should embrace the records management and documentation function to ensure its effectiveness and also inject the organization with more professionally trained records managers.
  • ItemOpen Access
    ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KEFFI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2021-02-02) Ali-Ameh, Aisha Mateji
    This research project is concerned with the role of local government in rural development The studies obtain relevant data from various sources; primary and secondary sources were subjected to critical analysis using simple percentages. The objectives behind the critical study were to unveil the impact of Local Government Rural Development. The samples were drawn from official Traditional Rulers and members of the Rural Development in the Local Government. The stratified random sampling technique was use in drawing the sample size of forty (40) respondents used. Structured questionnaire was designed to give equal opportunities of .options to all respondents: It is revealed in this work that Local Government could best handle rural -development affairs,' local government is seen as the government nearest to the people at the grassroots, where rural development programmed is carried out at the national level of government to ensure it successful implementation.
  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF LABOUR TURNOVER ON PERFORMANCEOF THE KADUNA STATE WATER CORPORATIONHEADQUARTERS, KADUNA
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-03-19) Musa, Grace
    Labour turnover in organisations have continued to pose a great concern in most organisations in Nigeria irrespective of whether it is public or private sector. This occurrence has a negative impact on the organisational growth. This study looks at the effect oflabour turnover on performanceof the Kaduna State Water Corporation, Kaduna with the view of the staff in the Headquarters. The study period between 2015 and 2017 was conducted. To obtain a more intense data, a quantitative research method was adopted. The questionnaire was designed with a five point closed end Likert scale questionnaire and distributed randomly to a sample size of 50 which was populated for the Headquarters. 70% of the questionnaires were responded to and a simple percentage technique was used to analyse the data obtained. The result showed that the labour turnover experienced in the organisation were more involuntary (85.71%) posing great effect (56.43%) on the organisation with policies and health been the major causes. The study revealed that this turnover is on a high side (79.8% separation) and causes forceful retirement of staffs and predominant with the senior staff. Hence, adequate work policies and remunerations by the management and government would do a lot in remedying these consequences which has become necessary.
  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFFECT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC EMPORMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (NEEDS) IN NASARAWA STATE: A STUDY OF NASARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-02-05) Mohammed, Lawal Musa
    This study intends to in:vestigate the effect of community participation in the national economic empowerment and development strategy in Nasarawa Local Government Area of Nasarawa State. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of community participation in the national economic empowerment and development strategy in Nasarawa local government area. The study adopted the system theory as the theoretical framework. The theory contends that a system is a set of interacting components acting independently and sharing a common boundary. The study adopted the survey method and primary and secondary data were collected. The study revealed that many people depended on govemment jobs majority are jobless. Most communities have one social infrastructure or the other, while few have none. It was also discovered that hick of awareness and participation on the programmes of NEEDs by the communities affected the programme. However, . mismanagement, inadequate manpower, non-community participation and corruption are NEEDs poverty reduction constraints. To reduce high level of poverty in Nasarawa Local Government, it is imperative that the community should 'participate in the programme and projects.
  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF RATIONALIZATION ON ``EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE IN NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART HEADQUARTERS, ABUJA
    (Department of Public Administration, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-05-14) Ibrahim, Adamu Tanko
    There is a challenge of measuring the success of the reform in improving workers’ performance. Despite the large body of published works on worker’s performance, there are still gaps in empirical investigations of the effect of administrative reforms on employees’ performance. This study therefore examines the effect of rationalization on performance of employees’ in Nigeria; A Study of the National Gallery of Art, Abuja. Research questions and hypotheses relating to employees’ morale, performance, commitment, and perception were raised, while quantitative data was collected with a close- ended structured questionnaire, the X2 Chi-square statistical tool was employed in testing the hypotheses, with a sample size of 203 respondents. The findings revealed that, rationalization as a set of actions adopted by the management of the National Gallery of Art improved its employees’ performance. It was therefore recommended that, various mechanisms should be employed from merit based recruitment, job descriptions, motivations and employee participation to enhance employees’ commitment for better performance.
  • ItemOpen Access
    STAFF MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF NATIONAL INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY (NIWA) LOKOJA
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2016-07-05) Atodoga, Godwin Enemi
    This study evaluates staff motivation on performance in public organizations in National Inland Waterways Authority. The intention of the researcher is to elicit responses from the staff of National Inland Waterways Authority on the effect of this motivation on organizational productive. 90 respondents were randomly selected as the population of the study. The study used descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) to answer research questions posed for the study. The result obtained from the analysis showed that there is strong relationship between Staff motivation and performance in National Inland Waterways Authority. The study reveals that motivational incentives given to workers in the agency have significant influence on the organizational performance. This is in line with Alderfer’s ERG theory of motivation which emphasizes that fairness in the remuneration package tends to produce higher performance from workers which result to greater output in the organization. The researcher recommends that other Public organization should adopt this kind of motivational incentive system in their organization to improve their performance. On the bases of these findings, employers are continually challenged to develop pay policies and procedures that will enable them to attract, motivate, retain and satisfy their employees. And also Management of NIWA should invest in human development (employees training), and technological modernization. This is because, one of the most efficient and effective methods of improving workers’ productivity is simply to train and retrain them in the skills they need to perform their job functions. The researcher therefore suggest that more research should be conducted on the relationship and influence of rewards on workers performance using many private and public organizations which will be a handy tool that could be used to provide solutions to individual conflict that has resulted from poor reward system.
  • ItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF REVENUE GENERATION ON INFRASTUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF GOMBE STATE
    (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI, 2018-03-13) Abubakar, Bilkisu Mahdi
    Revenue Generation are vital to the survival of many states in Nigeria, but regrettably, many states have neglected the role of internally generated revenues in their development. They rely heavily on shared revenues from the federation account. Any reductions in allocations from the federation sent shocks throughout the federation due to over reliance on it by states. The study examines the effect of internally generated revenue on Infrastructural development of Gombe state, whether revenue generation has impacted on Gombe state by providing water, electricity and roads network. To achieve the objectives of the study, a documentary research method was designed relying on secondary data. The study found that the revenue generation by the state revenue agency was very low as to register any tangible effect on the state budget that rely heavily on allocation from the federation account and other sources. Internally generated revenue has minimal on the infrastructural development of the state, but it has significant impact on the annual expenditure on water, electricity and roads network. The study also revealed that internally generated revenue was economical and tax avoidance and evasion were also insignificant. The study therefore recommended that there should be equality in its allocation toward infrastructural development in the state. For instance, more IGR should be allocated to water than road. Good water provision will have a trickledown effect on healthcare because it will forestall and tackle bad water-related sickness like malaria that are commonly suffered by people of the state and extends their life span. Also there should be expansion of the state revenue base as well as improving the board capacity to generate more revenues that will contribute substantial to the state government annual budget.