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Open Access
Ab-Initio Quantum Calculations of Some Molecular and Physical Properties of Alamine-Templated Gold Metal Nanoclusters for Application in Biosensing
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-11) Nafiu, S.A.; Lumbi, W.L.; Ewa, I.I.; Gurku, U.M.
Alamine derived nanoclusters with Gold carriers for Biosensing are studied using ab-initio Quantum Chemical calculations. Density functional computations at the Becke3LYP (B3LYP) are arrived at with the aid of LANDL2DZ basis set. The molecular structure, dipole moment, quadrupole moment, charge transfer, polarizability and energy are studied. The Alamine DNA basis shows that the properties of pure Alamine are greatly influenced with the addition of Gold nanoclusters. The computed dipole moments are high showing that the nanocluster molecules are polar and the charge distribution is not symmetrical. The quadrupole moment showed that the molecules are a bit elongated along the ZZ axis. The total energies indicate that the Alamine molecules are slightly more stable with increase in the number of Alamine segments in the Gold four chains.
Open Access
Analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable for some fiber plants in Northern Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-25) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; George, Olawale Adedoyin; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
Increasing demand for transmission capacity due to digital revolution is causing an increasing demand for optical fiber systems. However, as bit-error-rate (BER) increases the fiber optic cable signal quality becomes degraded, causing signal delays, jitters, poor quality of service, packet loss, link outage, etc. In this study, the analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable was carried out using the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), network monitoring system (NMS) and CACTI (V 1.1.38). Various OTDR traces were carried out to determine the loss levels in the fiber cores. Similarly, using the NMS, the actual link losses were calculated and compared with the loss budget to derive the link loss margin of the links; with a benchmark loss margin of 5 dB, high and low loss levels were determined. Lastly, bandwidth utilization was carried out using network graphical solution software (CACTI, V 1.1.38). The results show that, from the OTDR traces, 60% of the tested fiber cores had high losses at the spliced joints, whereas the analysis of the NMS shows 41.7% high losses. The bandwidth utilization analysis shows a reduction in fiber link availability by 8.3%. This work has revealed the different loss levels in the tested fiber cores with high loses leading to increase in BER which negatively impacts the optimum usability of a link. Therefore, maintaining a low and within-budget loss level is very essential for efficient signal transmission and optimization of the fiber optic cable for both manufacturers and the end users.
Open Access
Assessment of Dose to Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography Procedures at Selected Diagnostic Centers in Kano, Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-10) Hassan, Abdullahi A.; Umar, Ibrahim; Ige, Taofeeq A.; Joseph, Dlama Z.; Aisha, A.; Rilwan, Usman
Radiation dose levels for adult most common Computed Tomography (CT) examinations namely brain, chest and abdomen CT scans were studied. Radiation dose reports, scan parameters and demographic information were surveyed for a period of three - months. Ethical approvals were obtained from the research ethics committee of Ministry of Health and the studied centers. Data were randomly collected using a simple random technique from 131 adult patients with weights 70 ± 3kg. The General Electric 8 and 16-slice and 160-slice Toshiba CT scanners were used in the study. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20.0 Chicago) statistical software. The results indicated that the CTDIw and DLP values were (62.5 mGy and 2946mGy*cm), (9.9mGy and 663.3 mGy*cm) and (13.5 mGy and 1397 mGy*cm) for brain CT, chest CT and abdominal CT scans respectively. The study shows that the CTDIw values are relatively similar to those reported in established work by the European Commission. However, the DLP values are comparably higher than those of the European Commission. This revealed that there is need for robust and sustained optimization program so as to reduce patient doses without affecting diagnostic image quality.
Open Access
Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses in a Specialist Hospital towards Ionizing Radiation at Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-02) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Umar, Ibrahim; Tarfa, Faruk Usman; Mundi, Abubakar Abdullahi
The effect of ionizing radiation on occupational workers is increasing at an alarming rate due to inadequate knowledge and attitude of workers. Despite this, little research has been done on the knowledge and attitude of Nigerian nurses towards radiation protection and practice. In this study, the knowledge and attitude of Nurses towards Ionizing radiation was carried out at Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, using a self-structured questionnaire. The systematic sampling technique was used to collect 30 usable responses, corresponding to 75 percent response rate that was used for the analysis. The result shows that, even though the nurses are not well educated and have just an average knowledge of radiation and its effects, they are found to show a positive (right) attitude towards ionizing radiation during theatre and ward radiography. Educational level and years of experience were found to have a significant impact on their attitude towards radiation. However, their low level of education could prove fatal if proper measures are not in place. Hospital management should embark on educational intervention programs, seminars and symposium for the nurses to improve their professional skills and knowledge for good radiation protection practices.
Open Access
Assessment of Radiological Hazard Indices from Exposures to Background Ionizing Radiation Measurements in South-South Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-09-05) Godwin, Ekong; Akpa, Timothy; Umaru, Ibrahim; Lumbi, William; Akpannowo, Mbet
Radioactivity in the environment from sources of natural and human activities resulting in planned, emergency and existing exposure to human population, environment and other biota has led to growing apprehensions in Nigeria and the world. The existing exposure situations mainly from natural radionuclides, present in the earth crust from creation emits background ionizing radiation leading to gamma dose exposures. The objective of this study was to assess the background ionizing radiation and associated radiological hazard indices in Itu, Nigeria located at 5010’0” N 7059’0” E, and establish an eco-radiological baseline data prior to the construction of any nuclear fission reaction facility in the area. A systematic random method of measurement was employed within demarcated monitoring zones of entire geological map of Itu, Nigeria. The global positioning system finder (GARMIN Etrex 10) was used for data point location, while RDS-31S/R Multi-purpose survey meter was used for dose rate measurement. The background ionizing radiation measurement obtained ranged from 0.041 ± 0.002 - 0.045 ± 0.002 μSv/hr with overall mean of 0.042 ± 002 μSv/hr, which was lower than the world mean of 0.2 μSv/hr. Radiological hazard indices arising from the background ionizing radiation measurement were also evaluated. The mean estimated Gamma Dose Rate was 9.312 nGy/hr, the terrestrial outdoor Annual Effective Dose Rate arising from gamma was 6.83 mSv/yr, that of indoor was 21.85 mSv/yr and Excess Life Cancer Risk was 0.05 × 10-3. The mean evaluated radiological hazard indices were found to be below admissible limits, and thus poses no significant radiological health threat to the populace. Therefore, the assessment demonstrates that there is no elevated level of dose rate, which is makes it safe for human habitation, but care should be taken to avoid increase radiation level from human activities. It is recommended that constant radiological monitoring be encourage, and the data considered as radiological baseline in Itu, Nigeria.
Open Access
Assessment of the Knowledge and Attitude to Radiation Safety Standards of the Radiological Staff in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-09) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Umar, Ibrahim; Bukar, Idris Abba; Mustapha, Mohammed Idris
Radiation protection and safety has been a major concern of many national and international bodies because of the potential hazardous effects associated with ionizing radiation if not properly controlled. However, no much research has been done on the compliance of Radiographers to radiation safety standards in Nigeria. In this study, we access and evaluate the level of compliance of the radiological staff in Damaturu, Yobe State using a self-structured questionnaire. The simple random sampling technique was used to collect 25 valid responses from radiographers, radiologist, technicians and other staff, corresponding to 92.86% response rate. Results show that even though the radiographers show high compliance rate to radiation safety standards, majority of the workers do not have thyroid shields and monitoring devices and since the total number of exposures given during radiography is usually not recorded, it means they are over exposing themselves as well as the patients to radiation which is not a good safety measure. However, hospital management should focus attention on providing continuous professional development programs and quality assurance programs so as to maintain good processing of X-ray films for good quality radiographs as this will reduce repeated exposures. Provision of monitoring devices and thyroid shields are of great importance.
Open Access
Assessment of Underground Water Potential in Ninga, Akwanga West Development Area, North Central, Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-12-12) Ayanninuola, O.S.; Abdullahi, N.K.; Loko, A.Z.; Isah, S.H.; Ogwola, P.
Ninga area of Akwanga Development Area, North central Nigeria was investigated for the evaluation of groundwater potential. The area is underlain by the Basement Complex of the North-Central Nigeria. Twelve Vertical Electrical Sounding points were identified in the study area using Omega Resistivity Terameter, GPS12Garmix with cable spread of AB/2=160m. Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed. The Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data acquired were interpreted into a model curve using IX1D. From this interpretation three (3) different curve types were obtained from the acquired data. They are QH, QA and H. QH type is the dominant type of the curve obtained. It was observed that the aquifer depth range between 8m-46m, basement resistivity 700 Ωm -3700Ωm, depth to basement 16- 56m, aquifer thickness 4m – 31m and aquifer resistivity 150 Ωm -600Ωm. The groundwater potential varies in the study area, VES 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9,10, 11, and 12 are viable locations for groundwater exploration, with true aquifer resistivity values range from 150-600Ωm. Keywords: Aquifer, Basement Complex, Electrical Resistivity, Vertical Electrical Sounding,
Open Access
Comparative Analysis of Savitzky-Golay and Butterworth Filters for Electrocardiogram De- Noising Using Daubechies Wavelets
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-19) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Maduakola, Chinomso Francis; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a wealth of information and remains an essential part of the assessment of cardiac patients. However, noise distortions associated with the signal could lead to wrong interpretation and diagnosis. Aim: To carry out an extensive comparative analysis of Savitzky-Golay (S-G) and Butterworth filters for ECG de-noising using Daubechies wavelets in a MATLAB version 2015a. Methodology: Noisy ECG signals downloaded from physionet.org under MIT-BIH arrhythmia database were de-noised using S-G and Butterworth filters displayed in both time and frequency domains. A quantitative evaluation was done to assess the performance of the filters for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR). The results of SNR for this work are compared with the results of other researches with other methods. Results: Experimental result for de-noising with Butterworth filter shows abnormal spiky waves in time domain quite unusual in morphology of the original waves and in the frequency domain creates image signals which are indications of noise and baseline drift. While S-G filter maintains the signal power constant and only tries to decrease the noise power with peak preservation. Performance analysis for SNR, MSE and SIR using Butterworth filter gives mean values of 1.63 dB, 0.2036 and 0.259 dB, while that of S-G filter gives 32.78 dB, 0.0001 and 1852.358 dB respectively. Discussion: Significant reduction of noise by S-G filter and retaining the ECG signal morphology effectively as compared to Butterworth filter is an evident that S-G filter delivers better performance results as compared to Butterworth filter in terms of noise separation, artifacts and baseline drifts. Conclusion: The importance of ECG de-noising filters and the criteria for their selection must be clearly understood by hospital managements and cardiac health centers for good quality ECG in diagnosis and therapy for cardiac diseases.
Open Access
Comparative analysis of the energy content of methane from cow dung manure and poultry manure
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-04-11) Yusuf, S.D.; Ibrahim, Umar; Yahaya, S.
Owing to the fact that life depends entirely on reliable and adequate supply of energy, the energy supply in Nigeria is inadequate due to limited generation of power with no improvement in sight. Her power situation affects the manufacturing, service and residential sectors of the economy which in turn affects the country’s economic growth. This study is a comparative analysis of the energy content of methane from cow dung and poultry manure using the biogas digester. Using 4g of dry samples of cow dung and poultry manure with 25ml of distilled water and 0.124g of yeast to function as a catalyst in order to facilitate the fermentation of the substrate, the biogas digester was set-up and the temperature was maintained at 40 – 560C while the gas was collected using the downward delivery method. Results shows that the average biogas production from cow dung and poultry manure were respectively (0.195dm3/day) and (0.151dm3/day). While, the percentage of methane in biogas were 18.60% cow dung and 21.36% poultry manure. Even though the poultry manure showed higher energy values in the first ten (10) days, the average energy content of methane obtained were cow dungmanure (1.195kJ/day) and poultrymanure (1.065kJ/day). However, energy content from animal waste especially cow dung can be harnessed; they can serve as alternative sources of energy that can support peak load and reduce over dependent on hydro to help boost the Nigerian economy.
Open Access
Comparison of Calculated Percentage Depth Doses at Extended Source-to-Surface Distance for 6 MV And 15 MV Photon Beam of a Linear Accelerator
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-04-19) Umar, Ibrahim; Idris, Mustapha M.; Mundi, Abdullahi A.; Joseph, Dlama Z.
Background: Research findings from percentage depth dose (PDD) are crucial in evaluating patient doses received in radiation therapy. Objective: To compare calculated percentage depth doses at an extended source-to-surface distance (SSD) for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams of a linear accelerator. Methodology: Measured PDD values of the 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD) and calculated values at extended SSDs for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams of an Elekta NHA SLi 1998 linear accelerator were analyzed. The PDD data was collected by placing ionization chamber inside water phantom for depths ranging from z = 0 - 30 cm in a water phantom and using a square field sizes of 10 x 10 cm2. Photon energies of 6 MV and 15 MV were used for the measurement, with both gantry and collimator angles fixed at zero degree. PDD was calculated at extended SSD of 110 cm, 120 cm, 130 cm, and 140 cm from the measured PDD values of 100 cm SSD for both 6 MV and 15 MV photon energies using Mayneord factor. Results: The depth dose maximum (Dmax) for field size 10 x 10 cm2 for 6 MV and 15 MV photon energies were 1.62 cm and 2.65 cm, respectively and the PDD at 10 cm (D10) were 67.9% and 75.9%, respectively. The mean deviation of the calculated PDD at extended SSDs was found to be between 0.2% and 1%. Conclusion: The calculated PDD values at extended SSDs are considered suitable for clinical use at all clinically relevant depths and field sizes.
Open Access
Complete Einstein’s Equations of Motion for Test Particles Exterior to Spherical Massive Bodies using a Varying Potential
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-04-07) Maisalatee, A.U.; Azos, M.M.; Ewa, I.I.
In this article, a generalized varying gravitational scalar potential was used to completely define the metric tensors and coefficients of affine connections for spherical massive bodies whose tensor field varies with time, radial distance and polar angle. The completely defined metric tensors and coefficients of affine connections were used to study Einstein’s equations of motion for test particles within this field. The results obtained to the limit of c0 reduced to the corresponding Schwarzchild equations and to the limit of c2 , it contained additional terms not found in Schwarzchild equations which can be used in the study of blackhole and gravitational wave in this field and other astrophysical phenomena.
Open Access
COMPUTATION OF ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM IN THE HARTREE-FOCK APPROXMATION
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-08-28) Anyanninuola, O.S.; Ewa, I.I.; Umar, I.; Liman, M.S.
In this work, FORTTRAN program has been applied to evaluate the energy level of generally small atomic systems. The program was specifically directed to compute the Hartree-Fock equations. The ground state structures of small atomic systems are obtained using Hartree-Fock approximation. The total energies calculated for each of the state (1s, 2s, 2p) approximately agreed with those of experimental results as compared. Due to non-linearities introduced by Hartree-Fock approximation, the equations are solved using non-linear method such as iteration. The physical implication of this important finding has helped to identified clearly the parameter space accessible to the Hartree-Fock method.
Open Access
CORRELATION IN THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PHYSICS IN DEMONSTRATION SECONDARY SCHOOL, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2011-09-26) Joseph, E.; Atadoga, M. M.
This study which was an attempt made to investigate the relationship bePveen the students’ performance in theoretical physics and practical physics scores of two hundred (200) students internal examination in Demonstration Secondary School, Ahmadu Bello University, aria, was prompted as a result of poor academic performance of students in the senior secon ary examination in physics. The student’s numbers were coded accordingly with Mf-Mn andFj- n (w ere a e student and n = the total number of male student while F = Female student andn - the total number of female student) in line with their scores in theoretical physics and practical physics. The study a descriptive of correlational type where students' results in theoretical physics and practical physics were compared. The Statistical methods used for analysis were Pearson product moment correlation coefficients and the z-test statistic. The result indicated that theoretical physics and practical physics scores were significantly related but there was no significant relationship in stu ents performance based on gender. Thus, the theory knowledge the students have certainly wi influence eir performances in the laboratory exercises. It is therefore recommended that, equa attention s ou e paid to the teaching of both theory and practical Physics because the both influence stu en s performance; Government should equally provide additional laboratory equipment to sc wo s o strengthen more the practical ability of students; and the Physics teachers should always update their knowledge from time to time to enable them know current happening in physics, through seminar, conferences and workshop among others.
Open Access
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A TWO AXIS SOLAR MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING USING PIC16F877A MICRCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEM
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-09-01) Loko, A.Z.; Bugaji, A.I.; Ewa, I.I.; Ibrahim, Umar; Kwaha, B.J.
Today, most of the streetlights in Nigeria use solar energy to operate; however, streets and road within cities of Nigeria experience street black out as night goes by due to minimum power tracking of sunlight during the day time thereby resulting to low or slow charging of backup systems (battery). Consequently, this research focus on the design and implementation of a maximum power tracking using the PIC16F877A microcontroller and dc motors for two dimensional sun tracking under different temperature, humidity and irradiation and extract maximum available power from photovoltaic (PV) panel that would serve as an alternative solution towards solving the issue of street blackout. This paper also covers the designing and construction of the Solar Tracking mechanical structure together with the associated electronic circuits and two DC motors. One DC motors is mounted to control the rotation part, while the second one is to control the tilting part. Four pairs of Light sensors Cadmium sulphide (CdS) were installed for detecting the light source position. The PIC16F877A is programmed using C language in microC PRO for PIC. The sensor values, temperature of the day are transmitted to the PC for monitoring purpose. A working system was finally demonstrated to validate the design.
Open Access
Design and Construction of an Electronic Water Softener
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-09-17) Agelaga, N/A; Gabriel, A.; Jatau, B.S.
Hard water has taste and wastes soap. An electronic water softener was constructed using the NE 555 electronic timer in a stable multivibrator mode. It was designed to operate at a frequency of 15 kHz and powered by a 12volt battery which delivered 150mA to the oscillator circuit. An activity indicator was designed to monitor the working state of the water softener. The water softener was tested on hard water samples obtained around Kaduna city. The results obtained indicated a total removal of hardness in mildly hard samples, and a great reduction of hardness level in very hard water samples used. The electronic water softener is an efficient and very cheap way of softening hard water that can be used in homes and industries
Open Access
Determination of natural radioactivity levels and radiological hazards in environmental samples from artisanal mining sites of Anka, North-West Nigeria
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-04-04) Akpanowo, MbetAmos; Umar, Ibrahim; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Joshua, Emmanuel Olugbemi; Yusuf, Samson; Ekong, Godwin Bassey
Artisanal mining of precious metals has become a lucrative venture in Anka, Zamfara State, North-West Nigeria. The use of crude methods of mining and mineral processing and the apparent ignorance of the hazards involved have been linked to some health and environmental consequences. Hence, this study focuses on the assessment of radioactivity levels in rock, soil and sediment samples as well as the radiological hazards of the artisanal mining in Anka. The gamma-ray spectrometry method was employed in the sample analysis. The results show that the estimated mean activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in soil were 37.94 ± 6.01 Bqkg −1 , 41.60 ± 11.06 Bqkg −1 ,151.15 ± 21.09 Bqkg −1 and 380.34 ± 116.41 Bqkg −1 , respectively. The activity concentrations in rocks and sediments were also analyzed. The radioactivity levels were highest in rock samples. ; For rock samples, mean radium equivalent was 499.18 Bqkg −1 , gamma dose rate was 221 ± 35 nGyh −1 , internal and external hazard indices were 1.35 and 1.53, respectively and the radioactivity level index was 3.24. The outdoor and indoor annual effective dose equivalents were 271.03 μSvy −1 and 985.39 μSvy −1 , respectively. The mean indoor and outdoor excess lifetime cancer risk for soil were 0.55 × 10 −3 and 2.18 × 10 −3 . The evaluation of radiological health risks shows that the values obtained in this study were generally higher than admissible recommended limits and the world averages. The results obtained in this study show that the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to the artisanal mining and mineral processing in Anka
Open Access
DFT COMPUTATIONS OF SOME MOLECULAR AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUTAMINE-TEMPLATED NOBLE METAL NANOCLUSTERS FOR APPLICATION IN BIOSENSING
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-05) Nafiu, S.A.; Lumbi, W.L.; Ewa, I.I.; Gurku, U.M.
The molecular geometry of Glutamine derived nanoclusters with Gold carriers for Biosensing are studied using abinitio Quantum Chemical calculations. Density functional calculations at the Becke3LYP (B3LYP) are carried out using LANDL2DZ basis set. The molecular structure, dipole moment, quadrupole moment, charge transfer, polarizability and energy are studied. It is predicted that the properties of pure Glutamine are affected when attached with Gold nanoclusters. The predicted dipole moment is high indicating that the nanocluster molecules are polar and the charge distribution is not symmetrical. The quadrupole moment predicts that the molecules are slightly elongated along the ZZ axis. Using the total energies, it is predicted that the Glutamine molecules are slightly more unstable with increase in the molecular size.
Open Access
EFFECT OF COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND INTEREST OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CRAFT PRACTICE STUDENTS IN TECHNICAL COLLEGES, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI NIGERIA, 2017-07-13) Agu, P.A.; Esson, I.K.
This study investigated the effect of computer-assisted instruction on academic achievement and interest of Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice (MECP) students in technical colleges in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Quasi-experimental design of the non-randomized per-test, post-test control group design was employed in the study. The population of the study comprised SS2 students in the three technical colleges in the state. Two intact classes with very close scores were selected from the study area based on the results of a per-test administered on the schools. They were then randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups for the purpose of the experiment. The experimental group was taught using the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) package while the control group was taught using the conventional or lecture method. Following the treatment, a Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice Achievement Test (MECPAT) and Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice Interest Rating Scale (MECPIRS) were administered on the two groups. Mean and Standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while ANCOVA was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of confidence. The findings of the study revealed that students taught MECP using the CAI package performed better than those who were taught using the conventional method. Also, the results of the ANCOVA test indicate that there was significant difference in both the achievement scores and interest scores of the two groups in favor of the group taught using CAI. Based on this result, it was recommended that the CAI method should be adopted for teaching of Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice in technical colleges.
Open Access
Effects of Near-Surface Air Temperature on Sub-Surface Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow in Bornu-Chad Basin, Nigeria
(Department of physics, Nasarawa State Univesity Keffi, 2021-04-01) Tyor, Andrew A.; Uko, Etim D.; Anyanninuola, O.S.; Onengiyeofori, A.
A study of the effect of near-surface temperature on fields of subsurface geothermal gradient and heat flow has been carried out in the Bornu-Chad Basin, Nigeria, using corrected Bottom-Hole Temperatures (BHTc) lithologic-log data from 9 oil wells. The geothermal gradient using only BHTs ranges from 15.9oCkm-1 to 38.2oCkm-1 with an average of 26.9+/-3.5oCkm-1, while that computed with mean annual temperature and BHTs ranges from 28.2oCkm-1 to 51.5oCkm-1with an average of 37.5+/-2.5oCkm-1. The geothermal gradient using the mean annual temperature and BHTs in the Bornu-Chad is higher than using only BHTs by 7.0oCkm-1. Heatflow ranges from a minimum of 61 mWm-2 to a maximum of 114mWm-2 with an average of 68+/-5.89mWm-2. The isotherm maps exhibit an increasing SW-NE trend. An average heat flow of 68+/-5.9mWm-2 deduced from Bornu-Chad basin is normal for a continental passive margin with age of about 100My. Geothermal gradient results show a distinct and direct relationship with nearsurface conditions. There are indications that surface heat flow is controlled by lithology, geothermal gradient and near-surface solar radiation conditions in the Bornu-Chad basin. Consequently, it is recommended that the mean surface temperature be used in geothermal gradients and heatflows estimations. The knowledge of geothermal properties is very important in the search for geothermal energy in the area of study.
Open Access
Einstein’s equations of motion for test particles exterior to spherical distributions of mass whose tensor field varies with time, radial distance and polar angle
(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2014-01-18) Williams, Lucas Lumbi; Ewa, I.I; Nuhu, Tsaku
In this article the metric tensor exterior to hypothetical spherical distributions of mass whose tensor field varies with time, radial distance and Polar angle is extended to derive equations of motion for test particles in the gravitational field. The time equation is used to derive the expression for the variation of the time on a clock moving in this gravitational field. For pure polar motion, test particles move with velocity that has an inverse dependence on the radial distance. The results show that the introduction of q in this field does not alter the inverse dependence of velocity on the radial distance.