Browsing by Author "Zaruwa, M.Z."

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    Aluminium and Zinc Concentrations in Raw and Roasted Fishes Wrapped with Foil consumed in Keffi Town, Nigeria
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-06-06) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Adam, N.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, B.Y.; Ubaoji, K.I.; Chukeze, E.J.; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi
    Aluminum (Al) and Zinc (Zn) levels was compared in three commonly eaten fishes;, African cat fish (Herterobranchus longifilis), tilapia fish (Tilapia niloticus) and cat fish (Synodontis clarias) to ascertain leaching from foil wrappers leading to toxicity. The fishes were washed, wrapped in aluminum foil and stored in the refrigerator (40C) for 1.5 hr, some were roasted in the oven at about 1500C. The fishes were chopped (fresh and roasted) and then homogenized into slurry. The slurry were transferred into test tubes, centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and clear supernatant were collected aseptically and labeled (A1, 2, 3, B1, 2, 3 and C1, 2, 3). The condiments used were weighed about 800 g/850 – 1200 g per fish, grinded into slurry, with a blender. The slurry was further centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and the clear supernatant ascetically collected into clean test tubes (D1, 2, 3) and analyzed. Three cone shaped foil (E1, 2, 3) holding 10 ml of distilled water were allowed to stand for 3 hrs and carefully placed in an oven and heated (1200C) for 1.5 hr, was cooled and then analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian AA240). The results obtained showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in Al and Zn levels, possibly due to temperature and pH factors. The Al and Zn levels in the fish slurries was (0.127 ± 0.02 - 0.146 ± 0.03 mg/g) and (0.148 ± 0.03 – 0.180 ± 0.03 mg/g), respectively. These were extremely below WHO recommended value of 1mg/day and 15 mg/day for Al and Zn respectively. This study contradicts the media hype about toxic amount of Al and Zn leached into roasted fish in foil wrappers. Hence, the amount of Al and Zn in the tested species of fish are below the acceptable WHO value and thus, not poisonous.
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    Diclofenac predisposes benign prostate hyperplasia in fat feed albino rats
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-01-10) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Abdullahi, Halima Sadiya; Muhammad, Yusuf Bawa; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi; Muhammad, Ruqaiyatu Muhammad; Ubaoji, K.I.
    Background: An attempt to establish the possible cause(s) of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in fat feed albino rats treated with diclofenac (DCF)-potassium (K) was performed to ascertain its likely translational relationship in humans. Methods: Thirty-five male wistar albino rats of 24 weeks old were divided into five groups of 7 animals each were used. Group 1; the normal control (NC) was injected subcutaneously with the vehicle (olive oil) only and served normal diet. Group 2; standard group treated with testosterone propionate in olive oil (3 mg/kg b. wt.). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were fed with the standard feed mixed with animal fat (sourced from roasted meat/condiments in aluminium foils) in 20, 40 and 80% portions, then treated with DCF-K in solution as low (2 mg/kg b. wt.), mid (4 mg/kg b. wt.), and high (6 mg/kg b. wt.) doses, respectively. The blood samples collected were analysed for prostate specific antigen (PSA), hematological parameters, kidney and liver function. Results: Group 3 showed the highest PSA elevation (p<0.05) when compared to the control and the untreated group. There was a significant elevation (p<0.05) in WBC levels compared to all other groups. PCV, MCV, NEUT, MONO and EOSIN levels increased significantly (p<0.05) across all groups. Significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in liver and kidney parameters compared to the untreated groups. Significant (p<0.05) elevation in total cholesterol and LDL- C levels across the groups was observed. The DCF-K treated groups showed increase in several parameters compared to the untreated groups. Conclusions: It was obvious that fatty diet and use of DCF-K contributed to the observed hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hence predisposed tissue damage and inflammation which conjunctly elevated PSA.
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    Evaluation of Diclofenac (DCF) Potassium as a Possible Predisposer of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Wistar Albino Rats
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-08) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Muhammad, Yusuf Bawa; Abdullahi, Halima Sadiya; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Ubaoji, K.I.; Adamu, Ruqaiyatu Muhammad
    Background: Diclofenac (DCF) is a drug widely consumed in developing countries like Nigeria, because of its fast and immediate effect on pains. Objectives: The high number of adult males falling victims to BPH made DCF a suspect in the predisposition to BPH. Methods: Thirsty Six (36) Male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1; the Normal control (NC) was injected subcutaneously with olive oil only, Group 2; standard group treated with testosterone Propionate in olive oil (3 mg / kg b.wt.). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with Diclofenac, potassium in solution as low (2 mg / kg b.wt.), mid (4 mg / kg b.wt.), and high (6 mg / kg b.wt.) doses respectively. All animals were fed same diets throughout the twelve (12) weeks. After this period, the rats were allowed to fast overnight then Blood samples were collected and analyzed for liver function, kidney function, lipid profile, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and haematological parameters. Results: The result showed an elevation in liver parameters; ALT, ALP, AST, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin in the treatment groups compared to the control. Conversely, the concentration of Na+, Cl- and HCO3- revealed no significant difference compared to the control while urea and creatinine increased significantly. Haematological parameters showed increase in WBC, PCV, PLT in the treatments groups while RBC, Hg, MCV decreased. For lipid profile; Total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL increased significantly in the groups treated with mid and high dose DCF. Conclusion: The level of PSA was found to increase in all the treatment groups compared to the control. This result revealed that DCF-Potassium at high concentration can inter fare with the liver and kidney functions, lipid profile and haematological parameters as well as increasing PSA level. Thus, we conclude that persistent consumption of DCF can likely predispose to BPH.
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    Evaluation of Endogenous Antioxidants and Kidney Function Indices in Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei and Treated with Sodium Bicarbonate
    (Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-10-15) Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Abdullahi, M.H.; Abdullahi, H.S.; Usman, S.; Egbaloshu, J.M.; Bamidele, Titilayo O.; Zaruwa, M.Z.
    Malaria is an infectious disease that is transmitted through mosquito bites and is endemic especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The current study aimed at evaluating the antioxidants and kidney function indices in albino mice infected with P. berghei and treated with sodium bicarbonate. Twenty mice were randomly divided into five groups of four mice each. Groups 1was the normal control, group 2 was infected with P. berghei, not treated groups (3, 4 and 5) were administered 84mg/kg b.w of sodium bicarbonate once, twice and thrice per day respectively for three days. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for MDA, GPx, SOD, CAT, GHS, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 -, Urea and Creatinine following standard methods. MDA concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in all the test groups compared to the control. GPx activity decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2 and increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 5 compared to the control group. SOD activity decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 3 and increased significantly (p<0.05) in groups 2, 4 and 5 compared to the control. Catalase decreased significantly (p<0.05) in groups 2, 4 and 5 compared to the control. GSH increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the test groups compared to the control. Sodium ion was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 2,3 and 4 compared to the control. Potassium ion was significantly (p<0.05) higher in all the test groups compared to the control. Chloride ion increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 5 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 3 and 4 compared to the control (75.37±0.707). Urea concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in groups 2,4,5 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 3 compared to the control (37.60±0.707). Similarly, creatinine increased significantly (p<0.05) in groups 2, 4 and 5 but decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 3 compared to the control. This study revealed that infection of mice with P. berghei may have posed a massive metabolic stress on the kidney as indicated by elevated biochemical parameters although this could not be seen in the histological studies.
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    Studies on the Effect of Tephrosia linearis (Wild) Pers. Aqueous Extract on Jatropha curcas Oil Induced Hemorrhoids in Rats
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-03-06) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, Yusuf Bawa; Bamidele, Titilayo Oluwayemisi; Eleojo, E.
    Treatments of hemorrhoids by traditional medical practitioners using various plant species has been a long standing practice in various parts of Nigeria. This project work was carried out to ascertain and to evaluate the claim of traditional medical practitioners in the North-Eastern Nigeria on the effect of the plant species, Tephrosia linearis (Wild) Pers. in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Twenty Wister rats both male and female were used in this research work. A hemorrhoid model was prepared by the means of application of Jatropha oil into the rectum of rats. A cotton swab soaked with the inducer for 60 seconds was inserted into the anus of rats for 60 seconds. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group 1 (healthy rats), Group 2 (induced and untreated), Group 3 (induced and treated with standard, Daflon 10mg/kg b.w), Group 4 (induced and treated with aqueous extract of T. linearis 200mg/kg b.w) and Group 5 (induced and treated with aqueous extract of T. linearis 600mg/kg b.w). The results of the study observed were as follows; Group A; 1.52 + 0.29, Group B; 3.85 + 0.05, Group C; 1.95 + 0.48, Group D; 1.70 + 0.14 and Group E; 1.70 + 0.40. The results obtained indicated that the rectoanal tissues of the rats in Group C,D, and E increased when compared to the control, Group A. The rectoanal tissues of the rats in Group B however experienced significant increase. From the study, extract of T. linearis presented the strongest anti-hemorrhoid activity in rats than Daflon 500. The use of this plant as treatment for hemorrhoids by traditional medicine practitioners in North-East Nigeria is justified by this study.
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    WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF Acacia hockii De WILD ON WOUND EXCISED ALBINO RATS
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-13) Zaruwa, M.Z.; Ater, M.M.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Muhammad, B.Y.; Enemali, Michael Okey
    The Fali tribe of Mubi, Adamawa State, uses the pulverized bark of Acacia Hockii De Wild (Kuffran) for treatment of wounds and traditional embalmment. This experiment was aimed at evaluating the wound healing potential of the aqueous extract of A. hockii De Wild bark on albino rats. A total of twelve rats were used for the experiment and the animals were divided into four groups (Gp) of three rats each. Gp 1-wounded-untreated; Gp 2- wounded, treated with petroleum jelly; Gp 3- wounded, treated with standard drug and Gp 4 - wounded, treated with A. hockii extract. Wound excision was done following standard procedures, while treatment was performed by topical application for 9 days, and healing was measured (cm) at intervals of 3 days. Results obtained, showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the percentage wound contractions in all the experimental groups, though the highest (11.00 ± 0.02%) was in the group 4 treated with A. hockii extract when compared to control group 1 (1.0 ± 0.65%), group 2 (5.33 ± 0.65%) and group 3 (6.83 ± 0.65%) which was observed between day 0 and day 3. The rate of wound contractions increased significantly (p < 0.0 5) by the 9th day when compared to the 3rd and the 6th day, respectively. Higher contractions were observed mostly in groups 4 and 3 when compared to the other groups (control and group 2). This research therefore provides scientific justification to the use of Acacia hockii De Wild bark powder in wound treatment and possibly having some antimicrobial activities as well.