Browsing by Author "Umar, Ibrahim"

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    Analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable for some fiber plants in Northern Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-25) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; George, Olawale Adedoyin; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
    Increasing demand for transmission capacity due to digital revolution is causing an increasing demand for optical fiber systems. However, as bit-error-rate (BER) increases the fiber optic cable signal quality becomes degraded, causing signal delays, jitters, poor quality of service, packet loss, link outage, etc. In this study, the analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable was carried out using the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), network monitoring system (NMS) and CACTI (V 1.1.38). Various OTDR traces were carried out to determine the loss levels in the fiber cores. Similarly, using the NMS, the actual link losses were calculated and compared with the loss budget to derive the link loss margin of the links; with a benchmark loss margin of 5 dB, high and low loss levels were determined. Lastly, bandwidth utilization was carried out using network graphical solution software (CACTI, V 1.1.38). The results show that, from the OTDR traces, 60% of the tested fiber cores had high losses at the spliced joints, whereas the analysis of the NMS shows 41.7% high losses. The bandwidth utilization analysis shows a reduction in fiber link availability by 8.3%. This work has revealed the different loss levels in the tested fiber cores with high loses leading to increase in BER which negatively impacts the optimum usability of a link. Therefore, maintaining a low and within-budget loss level is very essential for efficient signal transmission and optimization of the fiber optic cable for both manufacturers and the end users.
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    Assessment of Dose to Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography Procedures at Selected Diagnostic Centers in Kano, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-09-10) Hassan, Abdullahi A.; Umar, Ibrahim; Ige, Taofeeq A.; Joseph, Dlama Z.; Aisha, A.; Rilwan, Usman
    Radiation dose levels for adult most common Computed Tomography (CT) examinations namely brain, chest and abdomen CT scans were studied. Radiation dose reports, scan parameters and demographic information were surveyed for a period of three - months. Ethical approvals were obtained from the research ethics committee of Ministry of Health and the studied centers. Data were randomly collected using a simple random technique from 131 adult patients with weights 70 ± 3kg. The General Electric 8 and 16-slice and 160-slice Toshiba CT scanners were used in the study. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20.0 Chicago) statistical software. The results indicated that the CTDIw and DLP values were (62.5 mGy and 2946mGy*cm), (9.9mGy and 663.3 mGy*cm) and (13.5 mGy and 1397 mGy*cm) for brain CT, chest CT and abdominal CT scans respectively. The study shows that the CTDIw values are relatively similar to those reported in established work by the European Commission. However, the DLP values are comparably higher than those of the European Commission. This revealed that there is need for robust and sustained optimization program so as to reduce patient doses without affecting diagnostic image quality.
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    Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses in a Specialist Hospital towards Ionizing Radiation at Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-02) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Umar, Ibrahim; Tarfa, Faruk Usman; Mundi, Abubakar Abdullahi
    The effect of ionizing radiation on occupational workers is increasing at an alarming rate due to inadequate knowledge and attitude of workers. Despite this, little research has been done on the knowledge and attitude of Nigerian nurses towards radiation protection and practice. In this study, the knowledge and attitude of Nurses towards Ionizing radiation was carried out at Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, using a self-structured questionnaire. The systematic sampling technique was used to collect 30 usable responses, corresponding to 75 percent response rate that was used for the analysis. The result shows that, even though the nurses are not well educated and have just an average knowledge of radiation and its effects, they are found to show a positive (right) attitude towards ionizing radiation during theatre and ward radiography. Educational level and years of experience were found to have a significant impact on their attitude towards radiation. However, their low level of education could prove fatal if proper measures are not in place. Hospital management should embark on educational intervention programs, seminars and symposium for the nurses to improve their professional skills and knowledge for good radiation protection practices.
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    Assessment of the Knowledge and Attitude to Radiation Safety Standards of the Radiological Staff in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-09) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Umar, Ibrahim; Bukar, Idris Abba; Mustapha, Mohammed Idris
    Radiation protection and safety has been a major concern of many national and international bodies because of the potential hazardous effects associated with ionizing radiation if not properly controlled. However, no much research has been done on the compliance of Radiographers to radiation safety standards in Nigeria. In this study, we access and evaluate the level of compliance of the radiological staff in Damaturu, Yobe State using a self-structured questionnaire. The simple random sampling technique was used to collect 25 valid responses from radiographers, radiologist, technicians and other staff, corresponding to 92.86% response rate. Results show that even though the radiographers show high compliance rate to radiation safety standards, majority of the workers do not have thyroid shields and monitoring devices and since the total number of exposures given during radiography is usually not recorded, it means they are over exposing themselves as well as the patients to radiation which is not a good safety measure. However, hospital management should focus attention on providing continuous professional development programs and quality assurance programs so as to maintain good processing of X-ray films for good quality radiographs as this will reduce repeated exposures. Provision of monitoring devices and thyroid shields are of great importance.
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    Comparative Analysis of Savitzky-Golay and Butterworth Filters for Electrocardiogram De- Noising Using Daubechies Wavelets
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-19) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Maduakola, Chinomso Francis; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
    Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a wealth of information and remains an essential part of the assessment of cardiac patients. However, noise distortions associated with the signal could lead to wrong interpretation and diagnosis. Aim: To carry out an extensive comparative analysis of Savitzky-Golay (S-G) and Butterworth filters for ECG de-noising using Daubechies wavelets in a MATLAB version 2015a. Methodology: Noisy ECG signals downloaded from physionet.org under MIT-BIH arrhythmia database were de-noised using S-G and Butterworth filters displayed in both time and frequency domains. A quantitative evaluation was done to assess the performance of the filters for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR). The results of SNR for this work are compared with the results of other researches with other methods. Results: Experimental result for de-noising with Butterworth filter shows abnormal spiky waves in time domain quite unusual in morphology of the original waves and in the frequency domain creates image signals which are indications of noise and baseline drift. While S-G filter maintains the signal power constant and only tries to decrease the noise power with peak preservation. Performance analysis for SNR, MSE and SIR using Butterworth filter gives mean values of 1.63 dB, 0.2036 and 0.259 dB, while that of S-G filter gives 32.78 dB, 0.0001 and 1852.358 dB respectively. Discussion: Significant reduction of noise by S-G filter and retaining the ECG signal morphology effectively as compared to Butterworth filter is an evident that S-G filter delivers better performance results as compared to Butterworth filter in terms of noise separation, artifacts and baseline drifts. Conclusion: The importance of ECG de-noising filters and the criteria for their selection must be clearly understood by hospital managements and cardiac health centers for good quality ECG in diagnosis and therapy for cardiac diseases.
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    Comparison of Calculated Percentage Depth Doses at Extended Source-to-Surface Distance for 6 MV And 15 MV Photon Beam of a Linear Accelerator
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-04-19) Umar, Ibrahim; Idris, Mustapha M.; Mundi, Abdullahi A.; Joseph, Dlama Z.
    Background: Research findings from percentage depth dose (PDD) are crucial in evaluating patient doses received in radiation therapy. Objective: To compare calculated percentage depth doses at an extended source-to-surface distance (SSD) for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams of a linear accelerator. Methodology: Measured PDD values of the 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD) and calculated values at extended SSDs for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams of an Elekta NHA SLi 1998 linear accelerator were analyzed. The PDD data was collected by placing ionization chamber inside water phantom for depths ranging from z = 0 - 30 cm in a water phantom and using a square field sizes of 10 x 10 cm2. Photon energies of 6 MV and 15 MV were used for the measurement, with both gantry and collimator angles fixed at zero degree. PDD was calculated at extended SSD of 110 cm, 120 cm, 130 cm, and 140 cm from the measured PDD values of 100 cm SSD for both 6 MV and 15 MV photon energies using Mayneord factor. Results: The depth dose maximum (Dmax) for field size 10 x 10 cm2 for 6 MV and 15 MV photon energies were 1.62 cm and 2.65 cm, respectively and the PDD at 10 cm (D10) were 67.9% and 75.9%, respectively. The mean deviation of the calculated PDD at extended SSDs was found to be between 0.2% and 1%. Conclusion: The calculated PDD values at extended SSDs are considered suitable for clinical use at all clinically relevant depths and field sizes.
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    Determination of natural radioactivity levels and radiological hazards in environmental samples from artisanal mining sites of Anka, North-West Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-04-04) Akpanowo, MbetAmos; Umar, Ibrahim; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Joshua, Emmanuel Olugbemi; Yusuf, Samson; Ekong, Godwin Bassey
    Artisanal mining of precious metals has become a lucrative venture in Anka, Zamfara State, North-West Nigeria. The use of crude methods of mining and mineral processing and the apparent ignorance of the hazards involved have been linked to some health and environmental consequences. Hence, this study focuses on the assessment of radioactivity levels in rock, soil and sediment samples as well as the radiological hazards of the artisanal mining in Anka. The gamma-ray spectrometry method was employed in the sample analysis. The results show that the estimated mean activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in soil were 37.94 ± 6.01 Bqkg −1 , 41.60 ± 11.06 Bqkg −1 ,151.15 ± 21.09 Bqkg −1 and 380.34 ± 116.41 Bqkg −1 , respectively. The activity concentrations in rocks and sediments were also analyzed. The radioactivity levels were highest in rock samples. ; For rock samples, mean radium equivalent was 499.18 Bqkg −1 , gamma dose rate was 221 ± 35 nGyh −1 , internal and external hazard indices were 1.35 and 1.53, respectively and the radioactivity level index was 3.24. The outdoor and indoor annual effective dose equivalents were 271.03 μSvy −1 and 985.39 μSvy −1 , respectively. The mean indoor and outdoor excess lifetime cancer risk for soil were 0.55 × 10 −3 and 2.18 × 10 −3 . The evaluation of radiological health risks shows that the values obtained in this study were generally higher than admissible recommended limits and the world averages. The results obtained in this study show that the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to the artisanal mining and mineral processing in Anka
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    Head CT Dose Examination for Adult Patient in Abuja and Keffi, Hospitals in Nigerian
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-03-16) Rilwan, Umar; Onuchukwu, G.C.; Abdullahi, H.A.; Umar, Ibrahim; Sabiu, L.K.
    This study has established local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs). Dose report and scan parameters for the head was assessed during seven months at the three study centres. Data on CT Dose index (CTDIw) and dose length product (DLP) available and achieved on CT scanner control console was recorded for a minimum of 10 average-sized patients for each facility to establish a local Diagnostic reference level (LDRLs) and radiation dose optimization Data was collected using a purposive sampling technique, from 131 adult patients weighing 70±3kg) from Philip brilliance, Toshiba Alexion and General Electric (GE) CT scanners for this study. The collected data were analyzed using SPPSS version (20) statistical software. Third quartile values of the estimated LDRLs for CTDIw and DLP was determined as 49.8 mGy and 9639 mGy. The mean CTDIw obtained are lower to the reported data from the European Commission of 60mGy. The mean DLP are comparably lower than all the reported value from the European commission of 1050 mGy. Therefore, CT dose optimization is recommended.
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    Identification of Medical and Industrial Used Radioisotopes in Min- ing Sites of Nasarawa, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-11-11) Usman, Ridwan; Umar, Ibrahim; Samson, Dauda Yusuf; Idris, Mustapha Muhammad; Emmanuel, Ifeanyi Ugwu; Anyanninuola, O.S.
    This research intends to unveil the presence of radioisotopes in the soil of some mining sites in Nasarawa of Nasarawa state using thermos-scientific interceptor (IdentiFINDER). The work aimed at detecting the presence, types and trust level of radioisotopes. The result showed that, 103Pd and 125I were found in 57% of the total points and the percentage abundance of the detector reached 50-65% indicating that, those radioisotopes are likely found in the area, 109Cd was found in 15% of the total areas. The percentage abundance of the detector for 109Cd shows 50% indicating that, those radioisotopes are likely to be found in the area, 241Am was found in 7% of the total areas. The percentage abundance of the detector for 241Am shows 81% indicating that, those radioisotopes are likely found in the area, 235U was found in 7% of the total points. The percentage abundance of the detector for 235U reaches 57% indicating that, those radioisotopes are likely found in the area, 75Se was found in 7% of the total points. The percentage abundance of the detector for 75Se was in abundance up to 57% indicating that, those radioisotopes are likely gotten in the area and 57Co was gotten in 7% of the total areas. The percentage abundance of the detector for 57Co was 54% indicating that, those radioisotopes are likely to be gotten in the area. Based on this high percentage abundance of the detector for these radioisotopes, they can be harnessed and applied appropriately in medicine
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    Structural Shielding Evaluation: A Case Study of the Radiography Room of a Rural Hospital in Jos, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-12) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Lumbi, Lucas Williams; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Mundi, Abubakar Abdullahi
    Introduction: Most Nigerian rural hospitals constructed before the publication of the 2005 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No. 147 did not undergo a performance assessment at the time of construction. To avoid overexposure to ionizing radiation and to ensure adequate protection of patients, workers, and the public, the shielding barriers need to be evaluated to ascertain that they conform to this standard. Methods: This study evaluates the shielding barriers for the general radiography room in a rural hospital in Jos, Nigeria. The workload information, generator voltage waveform, anode material, filtration, and anode angle with XRAYBARR calculation model were used to estimate the thickness of lead, concrete, gypsum, steel, plate glass, and wood required to shield the X-ray facility installed in the hospital. The design dose limit was compared to the estimated shielded dose, and the calculated shielded barrier thickness to the design shielded barrier thickness was also compared. Results: The unshielded radiation doses inside the X-ray room were high, indicating that the radiological department of the study area is not minimizing radiation doses to patients. The calculated doses beyond the barriers were greater than the design dose limit, indicating that the shielded barriers in place were not adequate and did not comply with the international standard. Discussion: Hospitals must understand the type of shielding materials that can provide adequate protection and to what extent they can protect their radiography rooms. Management and radiation protection agencies need to ascertain whether these barriers are still adequate or require reinforcement through regular quality assurance testing. Due to an increase in workload associated with an increase in population and urbanization, proper policies are needed more than ever in this and other rural hospitals in Nigeria. Conclusion: The tested X-ray rooms did not comply with international recommendations for shielding thickness. Except for the door, console, and changing room, a 0.5 mm-thick lead reinforcement is required. It is also recommended that quality assurance testing occur on an annual basis.
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    Theoretical Confirmation of Seasonal and Solar Radiation Impacts on Outdoor Atmospheric Aerosols (PM2.5, SO2 and CO) in FCT Abuja, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-09-01) Shehu, M.S.; Umar, Ibrahim; Adedeji, O.; Mundi, A.A.; Lawal, R.S.
    Aerosols PM2.5, SO2 and CO were studied within the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria (F.C.T Abuja), the area comprises of 6 (six) councils “AMAC, Abaji, Bwari, Kuje, Kwali and Gwagwalada”. The study covered a period of one year (2017- 2018), irrespective of the seasonal variation of the study area, the impacts of aerosols on incident solar energy for the period was observed. The National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) uses the atmospheric satellites (AS) data of within an altitude 6 Km from the ground level. The data came in NETCDF format, which was extracted by a specialized software called the Arc Map 10.4.1, converted and exported in DBF format which can be read by Microsoft excel. The study shows that the human population in F.C.T increased with (r= 2.6 ± 1) months per year which negatively affect the aerosol concentrations and the seasonal impact analysis conform to adiabatic process with respect to the atmospheric variables, as the concentrations were found to be higher in dry than in wet season. Also the Solar radiation impact study reveals a change within solar insolation range of 5.5-6.5 Kwh/m2/day(CO), 2.8-4.5 Kwh/m2/day (SO2) and 4.0-6.5 Kwh/m2/day (PM2.5) and a percentage decrease of 8.42 %, 29.50 %, and 2.87 % was recorded respectively. Which implies a relative impact of solar energy on aerosol (i.e. higher intensity solar energy also reduces a small fraction of the atmospheric aerosol) and vice-versa