NSUK Repository :: Browsing by Author "Nkene, I.H."

Browsing by Author "Nkene, I.H."

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Open Access
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of the Crude Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous Bark and Seed Extracts of Citrullus lanatus Fruit
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-05-06) Francis, O.I.; Jodi, S.M.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Ibrahim, T.
Medicinal plants represent rich sources of potential antimicrobial agents. Studies on antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory properties of the ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous bark and seed extracts of Citrullus lanatus (C. lanatus) fruit was carried out. The bark and seed of C. lanatus were obtained from Karu market, Abuja and extracted separately with ethanol, methanol and water by cold maceration method. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were evaluated using agar well diffusion method against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. The Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the extracts were determined using agar dilution method.
Open Access
Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from urine of patients with suspected urinary tract infections accessing Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nassarawa State University Keffi,, 2019-08-20) Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Bassey, E.B.; Pennap, G.R.; Makut, D.M.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ibrahim, T.; Tsaku, P.A.
The wide use of antibiotics to treat urinary tract infection (UTIs) caused by bacteria is compromised by the development of resistance mechanisms in bacteria. This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from urine of patients with suspected UTI in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria. Four hundred urine samples of suspected UTI patients were collected and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for the isolates was carried out and interpreted as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The occurrence of the bacterium was 14.5 % (58/400). The occurrence was higher in female (15.8 %) than the male (12.5 %); and highest at > 50 years (31.8 %). The isolates were more resistant to ampicillin (79.3 %), streptomycin (62.0 %) and cefoxitin (58.6 %) but less resistant to gentamicin (15.8 %), imipenem (18.9 %) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (27.6 %). The occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates was 87.9%. The antibiotics namely gentamicin, imipenem and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were very effective against the isolates and most of the isolates were MDR. There is thus a need for the hospital to limit its antibiotic use in the light of these observations.
Open Access
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM PATIENTS ATTENDING DALHATU ARAF SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, LAFIA, NIGERIA
(department of microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2015-04-04) Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Ungokore, H.; Atai, E.; Abdullahi, A.M.; Abah, E.J.; Abdullahi, U.; Zakou, M.A.; Ngadda, N.J.
Staphylococcus aureus is a major commensal and pathogen of humans. Study on the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus from different clinical samples of patients attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia, Nigeria was carried out. A total of 100 urine samples, 30 ear swabs, 40 blood samples, 60 wound swabs, 30 High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) and 25 Endocer\ncal swab samples were collected from Februaiy to April, 2014. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated using standard method and antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLS1). The frequency of S. aureus irrespective of the source of the sample decreased in order: High vaginal swab (36.7%) > Endocen>ical swab (28.0%) > urine (14.0%) > Blood (7.5%) > Ear swab (3.3%) > Wound swab (3.3%). The S. aureus isolates were highly susceptible to gentamicin (94.7%), ofloxacin (68.4%), ciprofloxacin (SI.6%) and streptomycin (52.6%) nitrofuratoin (50.0%) and less susceptible to pefloxacin (47.4%), augmentin (34.2%), ampicillin (23.7%), cotrimoxazole and ceftriaxone (5.3%) respectively. Thirty six (94.7%) of isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR); MAR indices of 0.2 and above. The high susceptibility of the isolates to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin is evidence that these antibiotics may be useful for the treatment of S. aureus infections in this locality
Open Access
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Nasarawa, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2021-05-21) Tama, S.C.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Jodi, S.M.
Aims: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile and extended spectrum betalactamase resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from droppings of from selected poultry farms in Nasarawa, Nigeria. Study Design: Investigative Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between November 2019 and February 2020. Methodology: A total of 90 samples from poultry droppings were collected from selected farms. Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard cultural and microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: The prevalence of E. coli was 100%. Antibiotic resistances of E. coli were recorded as follows: streptomycin (S: 94.4%), sulphamethoxazole / trimethoprim (SXT: 90.0%), ampicillin (AMP: 88.9%), gentamicin (CN: 68.9%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC: 55.6%), ciprofloxacin (CIP: 41.1%), cefoxitin (FOX: 35.6%), ceftazidime (CAZ: 34.4%), cefotaxime (CTX: 22.2%), and imipenems (IPM: 17.8%). The most common antibiotic resistant resistance phenotype was AMPCTX-CAZ-CIP-CN (11.1%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 97.7% (88/90) of the isolates, with the common MAR index being 0.5 (33.3%). Twenty five of the thirty beta-lactam resistant isolates (83.3%) were confirmed ESBL producers. The 25 ESBL positive isolates carried bla genes as follows: blaTEM (11/25, 44.0%) and blaCTX-M (18/25, 72.0%). blaSHV was not found in any isolate. Conclusion: E. coli isolated from the droppings of selected poultry farms in Nasarawa were less resistant to imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefoxitin in the study location. This implies that the antibiotics are useful in the treatment of infection caused by E. coli. Also, ESBL-positive E. coli isolates harbored ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M as the most common.
Open Access
Antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular detection of MecA gene in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from patients in selected general hospitals in Abuja municipal, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-08) Odogwu, D.A.; Parom, S.K.; Jodi, S.M.; Bassey, E.B.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is globally recognized as an important pathogen associated with both hospital and community acquired infections. Studies on antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus and carriage of mecA gene in methicillin resistant isolates from patients attending selected general hospitals in Abuja Municipal, Nigeria was carried out. Three hundred and sixty (360) clinical samples (200 urine, 50 high vaginal swabs, 60 ear swab and 40 wound swabs) were collected from Asokoro General Hospital (AGH), Garki Hospital Abuja (GHA) and Wuse General Hospital (WGH); and S. aureus was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was carried out using disc diffusion method. Molecular detection of mecA gene in methicillin resistant isolates was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction method. The total occurrence of S. aureuswas 15.3% (55/360); and the occurrence in relation to the selected hospitals was high in GHA (22.7%) and low in AGH (10.3%). The occurrence of S. aureus was highest in wound swabs in all the hospitals in the order: GHA (47.1%) > AGH (40%) > WGH (35.7%). The isolates from all the hospitals were highly (≥ 50.0%) resistant to all the antibiotics tested; but moderately (≤ 40.0%) to gentamicin and levofloxacin. The occurrence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates in the selected hospitals was high in GHA (27%) but low in AGH (12%). Of the 32 oxacillin resistant isolates, mecA gene was detected in 30 (93.8%). The S. aureus isolates were less resistant to gentamicin and levofloxacin and most of the oxacillin resistant isolates harbored mecA gene.
Open Access
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Quinolone Resistance Genes in Staphylococcus aureus from Patients Attending Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2020-05-20) Sunday, E.A.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Ibrahim, Y.; Envuladu, E.Y.; Kigbu, S.K.
Aims: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile and quinolone resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus from patients attending Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 240 clinical samples which comprised of high vaginal swabs, endocervical swabs, sputum, ear swabs, wound swabs, semen and eye swabs, were collected from the patients. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified from these samples using standard microbiological method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed and interpreted in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus were screened for quinolone resistance genes using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method
Open Access
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine of Patients in Nagari Allah Magani Hospital, Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-05-05) Eko, K.O.; Jodi, S.M.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.
Aim:This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in E. coli recovered from urine of patients attending Nagari Allah Magani Hospital, Keffi, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between January 2018 and July 2018. Methodology: Escherichia coli was isolated and identified from the urine of suspected UTIs patients by culture, microscopy and biochemical tests. Sample: We included 248 patients; (116 men, 132 women;age range 5-65 years). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of the isolates was carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method.
Open Access
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine of Patients in Selected General Hospitals in Abuja Municipal, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2018-05-02) Eghieye, M.O.; Jodi, S.M.; Bassey, B.E.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.
This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli from urine of patients with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs) in selected general hospitals in Abuja Municipal, Nigeria. Four Hundred and Thirty urine samples were collected between September 2017 and May 2018 from patients attending Asokoro General Hospital (AGH), Garki Hospital Abuja (GHA) and Wuse General Hospital (WGH); and E. coli was isolated and identified by culture, microscopy and biochemical tests. The overall occurrence of E. coli was 52 (12.1%). The occurrences in relation to the hospitals were of the order: GHA (14.7%) > WGH (12.6%) > AGH (9.0%). The highest (50%) occurrence was at age 41-50 years in WGH, and the lowest (4.3%) was at age 31-40 years in AGH.
Open Access
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Commercial Poultry and Poultry Farm Handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-19) Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Tsaku, P.A.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.
Aim: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from commercial poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Study Design: Investigative. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, from 1st November 2017 to 31th April 2018. Methodology: A total of 1500 samples (poultry droppings, poultry flesh, feeds, handlers’ faeces and hand swabs) were screened for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium using preenrichment and selective enrichment culture media. Subculture of inoculated samples was done on Salmonella Shigella agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were confirmedas serovar Typhimurium using both the conventional biochemical screening tests and Microgen Bio product GN identification system and slide agglutination test using polyvalent antisera. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation were carried out as described by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Resistance was highest to Augmentin (98.1%) and lowest to Imipenem (1.0%). No resistance was observed in all the isolates from poultry handlers to Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin and Streptomycin; but all were resistant to Ampicillin and Augmentin. The resistance of isolates from poultry and handlers to all the antibiotics is significant (χ 2 = 13.037; P = 0.01). Most (86.7%, 92/106) resistant isolates belong to the multiple drug resistance class.The distribution of classes of resistance of isolates from poultry and handlers is significant (χ2 = 318; P = 0.00). MARI is greater than 0.2. Conclusion: Salmonella Typhimurium with increasing multidrug resistance to antibiotics especially the βlactam antibiotics has emerged in poultry.
Open Access
Assessment of Rational Antibiotic Prescribing in Public Hospitals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2020-05-20) Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Sabiu, Adamu
Antibiotics are the most commonly used medicines in healthcare facilities globally; and they are often misused, especially in developing countries. Periodic assessment of antibiotic prescribing practices is essential to improve prescribing standards and ensure rational use. A cross-sectional, retrospective evaluation of antibiotic prescribing in public secondary and tertiary hospitals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria was carried out. A total of 2800 case sheets of patients who accessed the hospitals under review during the period 2008-2018 were randomly sampled and evaluated. Prescribing indicators of World Health Organization (WHO) and Strengthening Pharmaceutical System/United States Agency for International Development (SPS/USAID) were evaluated and compared with published standards for each of the indicators to identify irrational antibiotic use. Percentage of hospitalization with one or more antimicrobials prescribed was 75.6%. Average number of antimicrobials prescribed per hospitalization in which antibiotics were used was 1.75±0.66. Percentage of antibiotic prescribed consistent with hospital formulary was 100.0%. Average duration of prescribed antimicrobial treatment was 5.57±2.42 days. Percentage of antimicrobials prescribed by generic name was 45.8%. Percentage of injectable antibiotic used was 36.4%. Percentage of antimicrobials prescribed from the national essential medicine list was 85.7%. Average encounter with antibiotic was 0.82±0.2. Many of the prescribing indicators deviated from the WHO or SPS/USAID optimal values; and thus, were predictors of irrational antibiotic prescribing. Continuous education and re-training of prescribers in public hospitals in Nasarawa State to comply with approved standards of prescribing should be emphasized in to ensure rational antibiotic use.
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Beta-Lactamase Production in Staphylococcus Aureus from Urine of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Subjects in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2016-05-16) Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Hussain, U.K.; Abimiku, R.H.; Darda'u, A.A.; Okposhi, I.I.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen associated with urinary tract infection. The production of beta-lactamase by S. aureus from urine of symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects in Keffi, Nigeria was investigated. Urine samples were collected from patients with suspected cases of urinary tract infection (UTI) attending two health facilities in Keffi; and asymptomatic volunteering students, staff and others within and around the Nasarawa State University Keffi main campus. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the urine samples using standard cultural, microscopical and biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Beta-lactamase production was evaluated by iodometric methods. A total of hundred (100) isolates (50 symptomatic, 50 asymptomatic) were isolated from the urine samples. Symptomatic isolates had susceptibility which decreased as follows: streptomycin (86%) > gentamicin (84%) and erythromycin (84%) > rifampicin (80%) > norfloxacin (78%) > amoxicillin (70%) and chloramphenicol (70%) > levofloxacin (68%) > ciprofloxacin (60%) > ampicillin (58%). Asymptomatic isolates had susceptibility which decreased as follows: gentamicin (92%), streptomycin (92%) and rifampicin (92%) > erythromycin (88%) > ciprofloxacin (84%) > levofloxacin (80%) > norfloxacin (78%) > chloramphenicol (76%) > amoxicillin (72%) and ampicillin (72%). The differences in the susceptibility of symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates to the antibiotics tested were insignificant (p > 0.05).The MICs of amoxicillin against amoxicillin resistant S. aureus isolates for 50% and 90% of for symptomatic isolates were ≤ 8 μg/ml and ≤ 16 μg/ml respectively; for asymptomatic isolates, the MICs for 50% and 90% isolates were ≤ 34 µg/ml and ≤ 64 µg/ml respectively. Beta-lactamase was detected in 4 (23.5%) and 5 (35.7%) of amoxicillin resistant symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates respectively. Molecular characterization of beta-lactamase genes in these amoxicillin resistant S. aureus isolates from Keffi is on-going.
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Evaluation of Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Cephalosporin antibiotics for fecal Escherichia coli isolated in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2015-05-21) Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Envuladu, E.Y.
Mutant Prevention Concentration (MPC) concept provides in vitro justification of a dosing regimen of antimicrobial agent that can prevent the emergence of least susceptible resistant mutant. This study evaluates the MPC of cephalexin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and cefepime under two different temperature conditions for E. coli isolated from stool of patients. The study also investigates effect of temperature on the selection of resistance mutants. A total of fifty (50) isolates of E. coli was isolated and identified by standard procedure from stool of patients attending Nasarawa State University Health Centre Keffi, Nigeria. MPCs and mutant recovery were determined at 37°C and 41°C by standard methods. MPC at both 37°C and 41°C were the same for each of the drugs. MPCs for 50% of the isolates (MPC50) were: cephalexin (421.4 µg/ml[6.2 x MIC]), cefuroxime (209.0 µg/ml[3.3 x MIC]), ceftazidime (81.0 µg/ml[2.2 x MIC]) and cefepime (30.6 µg/ml[1.4 x MIC]); MPC for 90% of the isolates (MPC90) were: cephalexin (471.8 µg/ml[3.9 x MIC]), cefuroxime (465.0 µg/ml[3.8 x MIC]), ceftazidime (454.8 µg/ml[4 x MIC]) and cefepime (438.4 µg/ml[7.2 x MIC]). The MPC50/MIC50 ratios at both 37°C and 41°C were in the order: cephalexin>cefuroxime>ceftazidime>cefepime; but MPC90/MIC90 ratios were in the reverse order.
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Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Escherichia coli From Urine of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Subjects in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2015-05-15) Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Omede, M.U.; Samuel, J.; Envuladu, E.Y.; Abimiku, R.H.
Escherichia coli are frequently isolated in symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria. The detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from urine of symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects in Keffi was investigated. Urine samples were collected from patients with cases of UTIs attending two health facilities in Keffi and asymptomatic volunteering students, staff and others within and around Nasarawa State University, Keffi main campus. Escherichia coli were isolated from the samples using standard cultural, microscopical and biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In addition, the detection and confirmation of ESBL production was carried out by modification of double disc synergy test (DDST). A total of hundred (100) isolates (50 from urine of symptomatic and 50 from urine of asymptomatic) were isolated from the urine samples. Symptomatic isolates had susceptibility which decreased as follows: ciprofloxacin (82.0%) and gentamicin (82.0%) > ampicillin (62.0%) > streptomycin (60.0%) > septrin (52.0%) > augmentin (48.0%) and perfoxacin (48.0%) > cephalexin (44.0%) > ofloxacin (40.0%) > nalidixic acid (22.0%). Asymptomatic isolates had susceptibility which decreased as follows: ciprofloxacin (68.0%) > streptomycin (66.0%) > ampicillin (60.0%) > septrin (58.0%) > gentamicin (54.0%) > ofloxacin (50.0%) > augmentin (46.0%) and perfloxacin (46.0%) > cephalexin (38.0%) and nalidixic acid (38.0%). The commonest antibiotic resistance phenotypes were AU-SXT-PN-CEP-OFX-NA-PEF (symptomatic, 8.3%) and PN-CEP-NA-CN-SXT (asymptomatic, 9.1%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 80 (86.95%) of the combined isolates distributed as follows: 40 (83.3%) of symptomatic and 40 (90.9%) of asymptomatic isolates. Irrespective of the source of isolates, most (79, 98.8%) had MAR indices ≥ 0.2 which suggested that the isolates originated from environments where antibiotics were freely abused/misused. The commonest indices were 0.4 and 0.5 (22.5%) for symptomatic and 0.5 (37.5%) for asymptomatic isolates. Most (85.7%) symptomatic isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were ESBL producers; but only 42.9% of asymptomatic isolates jointly resistant to both cefotaxime and ceftazidime were ESBL producers. The correlation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and antibiotic susceptibility irrespective of the source of the isolates were insignificant (P>0.05). Overall, most of the E. coli isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were positive for ESBL. Molecular characterization of the ESBL genes in these ESBL producing isolates in Keffi is on-going.
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Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-praduction in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-19) Tsaku, P.A.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Ibrahim, T.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.
Serious clinical concern has been raised globally over the continual evolution of pathogenic microorganismsthat are resistant to several chemotherapeutic agents,especially the beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli with Ciprofloxacin and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins Co-resistance from Patients Attending Tertiary Hospitals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-05-13) Nkene, I.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Bassey, E.B.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ibrahim, T.; Ibrahim, Y.
Antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli remain the mainstay of its control. Molecular characterization of E. coli with ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins co-resistance from patients attending tertiary hospitals in Nasarawa State, Nigeria was investigated. Thirty-five isolates, 13 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia (DASHL) and 22 from Federal Medical Centre, Keffi (FMCK), were obtained from previous studies. Phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was by double disc synergy test. Genes for ESBL and plasmid-mediated quinolones resistance (PMQR) were detected using polymerase chain reaction. Molecular diversity of the isolates was analyzed using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Out of 35 isolates, 18 (54.5%) were ESBL producers, with higher occurrence in DASHL (54.5%) than FMCK (46.2%). The ESBL genes blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM were detected in both hospitals, with highest occurrence of 83.3% each for blaSHV and blaCTX-M in FMCK; and 66.7% for blaTEM in DASHL. The PMQR genes acc (6ʹ)-Ib-cr oqxAB, qnrB and qnrS were present in FCMK; but only qnrS was absent in DASHL. Occurrence of acc (6ʹ)-Ib-cr was highest (100.0%) in FMCK; while qnrB was highest (75.0%) in DASHL. The occurrence of strain A type isolates was higher in FMCK (100.0) than DASHL (83.33%), while no strain B type isolate in FCMK. The ESBL (blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM) and PMQR (acc (6ʹ)-Ib-cr oqxAB, qnrB and qnrS) genes were detected in the isolates. The most common circulating strain in both DASHL and FMCK was strain A, with no strain B in FCMK.
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Molecular detection of diarrheagenic pathotypes of Escherichia coli from diarrheic patients in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2016-05-20) Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Tatfeng, Y.M.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is among the pathogens that cause diarrhea both in developed and developing countries. Molecular detection of pathotypes of E. coli causing diarrhea in Keffi, Nigeria was carried out. Fifty (50) stool samples were collected from patients attending two health facilities in Keffi, who are suspected to have diarrhea. E. coli was isolated from the stool samples using standard microbiological methods. Molecular detection of genes encoding virulence factors of the different pathotypes of diarrhegenicE. coli(DEC) namely: enteroaggregativeE. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasiveE. coli (EIEC), enterohemorrhagicE.coli(EHEC), enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenicE.coli (ETEC) was carried out using multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (mPCR) method. All the samples collected harbored E. coli. The order of detection frequency of DEC was: EAEC (22.0%) > EIEC and ETEC (2.0%) > EHEC and EPEC (0.0%).
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Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department of Microbilog Nasarawa state University keffi, 2017-09-04) Tama, Uudhir Caleb; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.
.Escherichia coli (E. coli) is among the pathogens that occurs naturally in the intestinal tract of animals and is known to cause diarrhea in humans both in developed and developing countries. The detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from poultry droppings from selected poultry farms in Keffi, Nigeria was investigated. Poultry droppings were collected from farms in Keffi, Nigeria, and Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Out of seventy-five (75) samples of poultry droppings obtained, 100% E. coli were isolated. The susceptibilities of the isolates in decreasing order with antibiotics is as follows: imipenems (82.1%), gentamicin (80.3%), cefoxitin (66.1%), cefotaxime (58.9%), ceftazidime (57.1%) and ciprofloxacin (51.7%), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (41.3%), streptomycin (7.1%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (5.3%), Ampicillin (1.7%). The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AMP-SXT-S (10.6%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) observed was 0.4 and 0.5 with frequencies of occurrence being 12 and 13 respectively. Out of 34 E. coli isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime antibiotics, 23 (30.6%) were confirmed ESBL producers. The order of percentage occurrence of ESBL genes in confirmed ESBL producing E. coli isolates were; blaSHV (95.4%), followed by blaTEM (68.1%) and blaCTX-M (50%). The E. coli isolates were more susceptible to imipenems, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin and all the isolates were MAR. In addition, blaSHV gene was the most common ESBL gene detected in confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. The results further strengthens the assertion from studies in other places that poultry droppings are also reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli and are probably involved in the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli to other birds and humans. Further studies on isolation and characterization of ESBL enzymes from ESBL-producing isolates from poultry in Keffi, Nigeria should be carried out
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Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-05-05) Tama, S.C.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.
Aims: This study investigates and reports the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli isolates in poultry droppings sourced from selected poultry farms in Karu, Nigeria Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between August 2019 and February 2020. Methodology: Escherichia coli was isolated from the samples using standard cultural and microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. In addition, molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: All (100%) samples collected had E. coli. Antibiotic resistances in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: ampicillin (96.7%), streptomycin (94.4%), sulphamethoxazole /trimethoprim (87.8%), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (61.1%), gentamicin (52.2%), ciprofloxacin (40.0%), ceftazidime (35.6%), cefotaxime (31.1%), imipenems (22.2%), cefoxitin (13.3%). The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AMP-SXT-S-CTX-CN (8.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 92.2% (83/90) of the isolates with the common MAR indices being 0.5 (26.5%), 0.6 (19.2%), 0.4 (13.2%) and 0.9 (10.8%). Fifty nine of the eighty beta-lactam resistant isolates (73.7%) were confirmed ESBL producers. 55 of the 59 ESBL positive isolates (93.2%) carried bla genes as follows: blaSHV (50/55, 90.9%), blaTEM (31/55, 56.3%) and blaCTX-M (46/55, 83.6%). Thirty six (65.5%) of the 55 isolates carried two bla genes (blaSHV and blaTEM, blaTEM and blaCTX-M, and blaCTX-M and blaSHV). Conclusion: The E. coli isolates showed lower resistances to cefoxitin, imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin and most isolates were MAR, with resistance to 5 antibiotics being the most predominant. In addition, blaSHV gene was the most common ESBL gene detected in the confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates
Open Access
Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from Poultry Droppings in Keffi, Nigeria
(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-11) Tama, S.C.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.
Objectives: The present study reports extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from poultry droppings from selected poultry farms in Keffi, Nigeria. Methods: Seventy-five (75) samples of poultry droppings were collected, and E. coli was isolated using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Phenotypic confirmation of ESBL production by the isolates was carried out using double disc synergy test. Molecular detection of ESBL genes was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: All (100%) samples had E. coli. Antimicrobial resistance in the isolates were as follows: imipenem (12.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cefoxitin (37.3%), cefotaxime (41.3%), ceftazidime (44.0%), ciprofloxacin (48.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (58.7%), streptomycin (92.0%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (92.0%) and ampicillin (98.7%). Joint resistance to ampicillin, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim-streptomycin was the commonest resistance phenotype at 10.6% Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 97.3% (73/75) of the isolates; and the most common MAR indices were 0.7 (21.9%), 0.5 (17.8%), 0.4 (16.4%), 0.8 (11.1%) and 0.3 (10.9%). Twenty three (46.9%) of the 49 cefotaxime/ceftazidime isolates were confirmed ESBL producers. Twenty-two of the 23 ESBL positive isolates (95.7%) carried the bla genes as follows: 95.5% (21/22) for blaSHV; 68.2% (15/22) for blaTEM; and 50.0% (11/22) for blaCTX-M. Eleven (50%) of the 22 isolates carried two bla genes (blaSHV and blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaCTX-M and blaTEM and blaSHV). Conclusion: The E. coli isolates were less resistant to imipenem, gentamicin and cefoxitin; most isolates were MAR, with resistance to 7 antibiotics being the most predominant. In addition, the blaSHV gene was the most common ESBL gene detected in confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates
Open Access
Molecular Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Urine of Patients attending Garki Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-05) Eghieye,O.M.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Ibrahim, Y.; Parom, S.K.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) is common worldwide; and its successful treatment using antibiotics is limited by acquisition of resistance by the bacteria. This study investigated the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in ciprofloxacinresistant E. coli from urine of patients with suspected cases of UTIs attending Garki Hospital Abuja (GHA), Nigeria. A total of 8 confirmed ciprofloxacinresistant E. coli was screened for carriage of PMQR genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The occurrences of the PMQR genes detected were in the order: aac-(6′)-Ib-cr (87.5%) > qnrB (50.0%) > qnrS (37.5%) > oqxAB (12.5%) > qnrA(0.0%). qnrB and qnrS did not exist alone, but in combination with other genes; aac-(6′)-Ib-cr existed both alone and in combination with others; themost prevalent patterns of existence were aac-(6′)- Ib-cr alone and aac-(6′)-Ib-cr + qnrB + qnrS at 25.0% each. This study has shown that the ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli harbored aac-(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrB, qnrS and oqxAB PMQR genes, with aac-(6′)-Ib-cr being themost prevalent. The genes were present either alone or in combination with one another. This has implication for the clinical application of fluoroquinolones to treat UTI in the study location and environs.