Browsing by Author "Muhammad, Hassan Sani"

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    Isolation and Phytochemical Characterization of Bioactive Constituents from the Seeds of Garcinia kola, Heckel (Clusiaceae)
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-11-21) Zakariya, A.M.; Danmalam, U.H.; Nuhu, A.; Sallau, A.B.; Shehu, S.; Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Ibrahim, G.
    Aim: This study was carried out with the aim of isolating and identifying the bioactive constituents of the ethyl acetate extract from G. kola seeds that was a strong inhibitor of α-glucosidase using FT-IR and GC-MS techniques. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria between October – December 2014. Methodology: n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared gradient wise in a soxhlet apparatus at 50ºC. Column chromatographic analysis was carried out on the ethyl acetate extract. The isolate was purified and the structure elucidated by Fourier Transformed Infra Red spectroscopy and Mass Spectrophotometry. Results: Column chromatographic analyses and purification of column fraction B of the ethyl acetate extract lead to the isolation of ZAAK. Fourier Transformed-Infra Red spectra revealed the presence of carboxylic acid and an ester in ZAAK. Gas Chromatography revealed three major peaks with retention times at 17.99 min, 20.83 min and 21.08 min, thus suggesting that ZAAK is a mixture of three compounds and were subsequently labeled ZAAK1, ZAAK2, and ZAAK3. The mass spectra identified ZAAK1 ZAAK2 and ZAAK3 as 1-pentadecanecarboxylic acid, (Z)-11-Octadecenoic acid and octadecanoic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl ester respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of column chromatography and spectroscopy, ZAAK was identified as a mixture of fatty acids and fatty acid ester
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    PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF A. CHEVALIERI HAMS (FABACEAE) STEM
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-01) Namadina, M.M.,; Idris, A. M.,; Sunusi, U.; Abdulrazak, M.H.; Musa, F.M.; Olaogun, O.N.; Balarabe, S.; Yakubu, N.; Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Et et.
    Albizia chevalieri Hams (Mimosaceae/Fabaceae), mostly found in the Northern Sahel Savannah region of Nigeria as well as in Nigér and Senegal is a tree of the acacia type with a long list of folklore therapeutic claims that include its use as purgative, taenicidal, cough remedy, dysentery, cancer, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and snake bite remedy. However, many bacterial species have been reported to develop resistance to antibiotics commonly prescribed for dental infections. Therefore, the need to search for natural products for remedy to this problem cannot be overemphasized. The stem was collected, dried and powdered. The powder was thereafter extracted with distilled water and subsequently with methanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. Agar well diffusion, agar dilution and spread plate methods were employed to determine the zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and rate of killing respectively. Phytochemical screening of methanol and aqueous extracts of Albizia chevalieri stem revealed the presence of phenol, alkaloid, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and carbohydrate as secondary metabolites. The two extracts showed broad spectrum of activity but the aqueous extract had larger zones of inhibition of 32 mm against S. mutans while methanol extract had higher zone of inhibition on S. aureus (24 mm). Low MIC and MBC values ranging from 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml respectively. The results obtained also provided scientific evidence for the use of A. chevalieri in folklore medicine in the treatment of tooth infections
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    Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Vitellaria paradoxa Stem Bark and Root Extracts against Some Clinical Isolates of Respiratory Tract Infections
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-11) Namadina, M.M.; Idris, A.M.; Sunusi, U.; Abdulrazak, M.H.; Musa, F.M.; Olaogun, O.N.; Aminu, M.A.; Yakubu, N.; Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Et et.
    Respiratory tract infections continue to be the most frequent and important cause of short term illnesses that compel an individual to seek medical attention both in developing and developed world. It is typically the first infection to occur after birth. Many bacterial species have been reported to develop resistance to antibiotics commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections. Therefore, the need to search for natural products for remedy of this problem cannot be overemphasized. The methanol and aqueous extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa stem bark and root was carried out using cold maceration extraction method. Phytochemical screening was carried out using the standard methods. Agar well diffusion, agar dilution and spread plate methods were employed to determine the zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and rate of kill respectively. The two extracts showed broad spectrum of activity but the aqueous extract had larger zones of inhibition ranging from 17 mm – 23 mm and lower M.I.C and M.B.C values ranging from 6.25 mg/ml – 12.5 mg/ml. Phytochemical screening of methanol and aqueous extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa stem bark and root showed the presence of phenol, alkaloid, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and carbohydrate as secondary metabolites. This study has justified the traditional use of Vitellaria paradoxa stem bark and root in the treatment of respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria
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    Phytochemical Study and Antibacterial Properties of the Leaf Extracts of Swartzia madagascariensis Desv (Fabaceae)
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-11-27) Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Ibrahim, Garba; Danmalam, U.H.; Muhammad, Ali Zakariya; Kachalla, Muhammad
    This study evaluated the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of the hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of Swartzia madagascariensis Desv (Fabaceae). Ethno-medicinally, the leaves are used in the treatment of cutaneous wounds, diarrhoea, malnutrition, inflammations and scabies among others. The phytochemical screening using standard methods, revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpenes and steroids. The antibacterial activities of extracts (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml) of S. madagascariensis were tested against three Gram-positive—Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Corynebacterium ulcerans; one Gram-negative—Escherichia coli pathogens. The activity was determined using well diffusion method with zones of inhibition ranges of 17-18 mm for hexane, 24- 27 mm for ethyl acetate and 21-22 mm for ethanol extracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined using 0.5 scale Mc-farland’s turbidity standard. The extracts at 20 mg/ml (hexane), 5-10 mg/ml (ethyl acetate) and10 mg/ml (ethanol) inhibited the growth of the isolates. It also gives Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations ranging from 40 mg/ml (hexane extract), 20 mg/ml (ethyl acetate) and 40 mg/ml (ethanol extract). Zone of inhibitions of extracts were compared to that of standard antibacterial drug, ciprofloxacin (32-37 mm). The results from this study support the traditional use of the leaves of S. madagascariensis in the treatment of bacterial infections
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    PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANALGESIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF Securidaca longipedunculata ROOT
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-11) Namadina, M.M.; Shawai, R.S.; Abdulrazak, M.H.; Makin, T.Y.; Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Adamu, M.M.; Abdullahi, N.A.
    The study aimed at evaluating phytochemical constituents, analgesic and antioxidant properties of root extract of Securidaca longipedunculata. Phytochemical constituents were screened using standard methods. Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice were used to evaluate the analgesic effect, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the standard method. The extract was found to contain carbohydrate, tannins, glycosides, steroid and triterpenes were detected in both hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. Alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, phenol and anthraquinones were detected in the ethyl acetate and methanolic extract but absent in hexane extract. The extract and standard significantly decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid. The effects observed at 25mg/kg more than that of 50mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of the extract. The effect observed in 50mg/kg and 100 mg/kg group was comparable to that of the standard. The median lethal dose in rats was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. The half maximal percentage inhibition (IC50) of S. longipedunculata ethyl acetate and n-butanol root fraction was 0.042 μg/ml and 2.77 μg/ml, respectively. The two fractions also scavenged DPPH in a dose dependent manner. The extract was found to possess constituents that may be associated with its analgesic and antioxidant effects observed at doses tested. The present study therefore recommends a further screening to enhance their ultimate application in management of analgesic and oxidative stress-related disorders
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    Phytochemical, Antifungal and Acute Toxicity Studies of Mitracarpus scaber Zucc.Whole Plant Extracts
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-12) Namadina, M.M.; Mukhtar, A.U.; Musa, F.M.; Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Haruna, S.; Nuhu, Y.; Umar, A.M.
    Mitracarpus scaber have been reported in the treatment of various ailments such as ulcer, cancer, skin diseases etc. It is therefore important to investigate these plant parts to ascertain their therapeutic potentials. The Mitracarpus scaber whole plant was extracted with water and methanol, screened for their phytochemical properties and antifungal effects. The plant samples were also investigated for alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic contents using quantitative techniques. The antifungal activities of the plant samples were tested against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum auduounii and Aspergillus flavus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the extracts were also determined. Flavonoid, steroid, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrate, glycoside, phenols were detected in both extracts while anthraquinones was absent. Alkaloid was detected in the aqueous extract but absent in methanol extract. Quantitatively, the phenols (97.0 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical detected in the plant while the lowest was alkaloid (9.2 mg/g). Toxicity of the samples was expressed as LD50, it was found above 5000 mg/kg and did not cause mortality in all the tested rats. Aqueous extract only showed inhibition on Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes with no inhibition on Microsporum auduounii and Aspergillus flavus while ethanol extract only showed inhibition on Candida albicans with no inhibition on Microsporum auduounii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus flavus at the lowest concentration 12.5 mg/ml. The aqueous extract has MIC and MFC of 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml respectively against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Thus, the traditional claims of the uses of the plants as antifungal agents were therefore supported.