Browsing by Author "Madu, Paschal Chima"

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    Amino Acid Profile and Vitamin C Content of Selected Condiments Used as Thickeners in Soup Preparation
    (Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-07-30) Lawal, Halimatu Sadiya; Madu, Paschal Chima; Opaluwa, O.D.; Mohammed, Y.
    This study aimed to analyze the amino acid profile and determine the vitamin C content of the condiments named Detarium microcarpum (DM), Cissus populnea (CP), Grewia mollis (GW) and Parkia biglobosa (PB). Study Design: The condiments obtained from Gwagwa market, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja were used for this study to analyze and determine the amino acid profile and vitamin C content. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Abuja, Nigeria at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development [NIPRD], from February 2020 to September 2020. Methodology: The amino acid profile of the condiments was analyzed using methods described by (Maria et al., 2004). The samples were dried to constant weight, defatted, hydrolyzed, evaporated in a rotary evaporator and loaded into the Applied Biosystems PTH Amino Acid Analyzer while the Ascorbic acid content of the condiments was determined by titration method. Result: The result indicated that non- essential amino acids are higher in concentration in all the samples (PB - 33.77, DM - 27.51, GM - 18.21 and CO - 25.86) compared to the essential amino acids (PB -27.16, DM - 19.46, GM - 1 6.47 and CO - 22.38) and semi-essential amino acid (PB - 22.22, DM - 16.59, GM - 9.64, CO - 14.01). Among the essential amino acids, leucine is the predominant acid, while glutamic, aspartic acids were found to be the major non-essential amino acids in the samples. High concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid valine, alanine and leucine predominate in all the samples analyzed. The sample Parkia biglobosa has the highest concentration of vitamin C with 0.3 mg/L followed by Detarium Microcarpum 0.18 mg/L, Grewia Mollis 0.12 mg/L and Cissus populnea 0.11 mg/L. Conclusion: Results indicate that these condiments contained amino acids in appropriate quantities that can serve as supplementary potential sources of essential amino acids to man and appreciable amount of vitamin C
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    Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils from Farms in the Vicinity of Durumi Quarry Site in Mpape, Abuja Nigeria
    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2018-05-01) Tukura, Bitrus Wokhe; Ojo, Oyenike Fatimah; Madu, Paschal Chima
    Seasonal concentrations of eight total and bioavailable heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb an Fe), along with levels of some physico chemical properties of soils in vegetable farms around the rock quarry in Durumi, Abuja were assessed in order to ascertain the level of heavy metal pollution of the soil. Control and actual soil samples were collected from depths of 0.0 -5.0cm and 5.0 - 10.0 cm during dry and rainy seasons. During dry season, mean concentrations of total heavy metals ranged from 0.02 (Cu) to 71.53(Fe) mg/kg for samples and 0.01mg/kg (Zn) to 111.89 mg/kg (Fe) for controls. During rainy season the heavy metal concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg/kg (Cu) to 22.53 mg/kg (Pb) for samples and 0.03 mg/kg (Cd) to 26.63 mg/kg (Pb) for controls. These observed concentrations were lower than the Maximum Allowable Limits (mg/Kg) for World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). During dry season, heavy metals that indicated anthropogenic content, had anthropogenic levels that ranged from 16.67 %( Cd) to 94.00 %( Cr) for soil at depth of 0.0 – 5.0 cm and 35.25 % (Fe) to 96.28 %( Mn) for soil at depth of 5-10 cm. During rainy season the range of anthropogenic input was 25.93 %( Cd) to 81.23 %( Cr) for soils at depth of 0.0-5.0 cm and 4.21 %( Mn) to 93.21 %(Cu) for soil at depth of 5.0 – 10.0 cm. This indicated that the quarry activities influenced the concentrations of some heavy metals observed in the soils. Contamination /pollution (C/P) Index ranged from 0.0 to 0.27 levels with Pb having the highest at moderate contamination levels, indicating that the soils are not polluted. These findings show that the soil in the farms studied is not polluted by heavy metals from the quarry activities though physico chemical parameters of the soil favoured the bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals.
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    Evaluation of Physicochemical properties of Irrigated Soil
    (Department of Chemistry, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2013-10-01) Tukura, Bitrus Wokhe; Mohammed, Y.; Madu, Paschal Chima
    Physical and chemical properties of irrigated soils were evaluated using standard methods. Soil properties varied according to farm. Moisture levels were low (1.00 ± 0.00 - 2.15 ± 0.01%). pH varied from slightly acidic (6.33 ±0.08) to slightly alkaline (7.40 ± 0.06), and was within the range for optimum growth for plants.CEC ranged from 5.05 ± 1.00 to 17.73 ± 0.03 cmol/kg, and was within the range for most soils. OM contents (14.08 ± 0.10 -24.37±0.41%) were high in all the farms. Nitrogen (0.01 ± 0.00 - 0.09 ± 0.00 mg/kg) and phosphorus (0.09 ± 0.00 - 1.78 ± 0.01 mg/kg) contents were low and high respectively. Ca2+ concentration varied from 0.42 ± 0.05 to 5.64 ± 0.04 mg/kg. Mg2+ levels (1.81 ± 0.02 - 3.62 ± 0.01mg/kg) were below the optimum range for soils.Clay (8-24%) and sand (64-82%) contents were relatively high. Irrigated soils were classified as sandy loamy. Significant and positive correlations (p ≤ 0.05) occurred for pH, OM and CEC.
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    INVESTIGATING THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF PROCEESSED CHEESE, SOY AND NUNU MILKS CONSUMED IN ABUJA AND KEFFI METROPOLISES OF NIGERIA
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-06-04) Okpara, M.U.; Madu, Paschal Chima; Shuaibu, B.S.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana; Isah, J.
    Milk and its products are needed for proper body building. Processed cheese, nunu and soy milk consumed within Abuja and Keffi metropolises were analyzed for their mineral contents. X1, Y1, Z1 represents soy milk, nunu and cheese from Abuja metropolis while X2, Y2, Z2 represents sample from Keffi metropolis respectively. Calcium (265.53±0.25 mg/mL), iron (1.19±0.92 mg/mL), potassium (162.77±0.02 mg/mL) were found to be higher in cheese milk (Z1) from Abuja than that (225.82±0.13 mg/mL, 1.05±0.60mg/mL and 130.41±0.04 mg/mL) found in Keffi (Z2) examined respectively, though the amount of sodium present (151.0±0.08 mg/mL) in cheese (Z2) from Keffi is slightly higher than that (150.08±0.01 mg/mL) from Abuja (Z1). Also, Soya milk from Abuja (X1) had highest amount of zinc (0.76±0.00 mg/mL) while that of Keffi (X2) was 0.65±0.3 mg/mL, for magnesium and copper, higher values 18.40±010 mg/mL and 0.25±0.02 mg/mL were recorded for soy milk(X2) from Keffi while soy milk from Abuja(X1) had 17.97±0.20 mg/mL and 0.16±0.01 mg/mL respectively. Chromium was dictated in both cheese samples but not dictated in soya and nunu milks from both metropolises. It is seen from the investigation that cheese had more minerals followed by soya milk. Nunu milk sample had the least quantity of minerals; also all the samples analyzed have minerals present in them. Therefore, they are needed for the proper functioning of the body system
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    Physical and Proximate Compositions of Selected Milk Products in Abuja and Keffi Metropolis, Nigeria
    (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-05-04) Madu, Paschal Chima; Okpara, M.U.; Shuaibum, B.S.; Isah, J.; Muhammad, Abdullahi Ubana
    Milk and its products have been an important component of nutritional diet. Soymilk, nunu and processed cheese consumed within Abuja and Keffi metropolises were analyzed for their physical and proximate compositions. The pH, specific gravity and total titratable acidity of the samples were within the acceptable limits.The result of the proximate compositions indicated that fat, total solids, total solids non- fat, ash and protein were higher in cheese samples from Abuja and Keffi. The above compositions of soya milk samples from Abuja and Keffi did not vary. But the protein and total solids content of nunu from both metropolises were different. Fibre was found in soya milk samples and its protein and iron contents were higher than that in nunu sample thus a good substitute for alleviating protein malnutrition. At the end of this study, it was concluded that all the milk samples analyzed from Abuja and Keffi have good nutritional values.