Browsing by Author "Lale, N.E.S."

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    COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF EXTRACTION SOLVENTS ON THE PERSISTENCE AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF SEED EXTRACTS AGAINST COWPEA BRUCHID CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.)
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 1996-03-03) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.
    ’,'lie,comparative ؛'.fleets of « نسا organic (acetone, mell anol and ethanol) aniil one poll،' (water) extraction .solvents on the persistence'and acute toxicity of seed extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), hemp {Cannabis saliva L.) and guna melon (Citrullus colocynthis Schrad) against the cowpea bruchid, Callasobruchus maculatus (F.) were studied under laboratory conditions (30.2 - 4O.6٠C and 10-66% R.H.), For the determination of (he persistent effect of the extracts, four batches of 10 g of cowpea seeds were each treated with either 0.5 ml ()ا ؛malytical grade of acetone containing 200 mg of ettch of the seed oils obtained with the organic solvents or 0.5 ml of the aqueous extract in glass vials into which 4 and 2 four-day old female and male bruchids, respectively, were later introduced. The ،lumber of eggs laid in each batch of cowpe؛،. seeds and the number of adults that emerged in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations were counted thereafter. The toxicity test consisted of admixing 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg of the oils obtained with each organic solvent with 10 g of cowpea seeds in glass vials into which 50 four-day old, unsexed bruchids were introduced. Bruchid mortality was recorded 24 h after treatment. Significantly fewer numbers of eggs were laid especially in the batches treated with extracts obtained with the organic solvents than in the check batches. Significantly higher numbers of adult bruchids emerged in check batches than in treated batches in the first generation. However, acetonic extract of the plant seeds was significantly more effective in reducing oviposition and adult emergence than methanolic, ethanolic or aqueous extracts and the methanolic and ethanolic extracts were significantly more effective than the aqueous extract. The ethanolic extract of hemp seeds was sdperior to methanolic extract of this plant seed in reducing oviposition and adult emergence in the first'generation of the bruchids. No adult bruchid emerged in batches of cowpea seeds treated with the seed oils obtained with the'organic solvents in the 2nd and 3rd generations of the bruchids. The overall effect of the organic solvents oh the’ acute toxicity of the seed extracts to adult c. ■ maculatus was less pronounced. However, acetonic extract with a mean IC of 117 rg/10 g seed was the most toxic, followed in a decreasing order of toxicity by methanolic extract (LC» - 121 mg/10 g seed) and ethanolic extract (LC^) = 135 mg/10 g 'seed). Across the organic solvents, neem seed oil was the most toxic ( 77 - مت mg/1.0 g seed) followed by hemp seed oil (1 (0 = 132 mg/10 ت seed) and guna melon seed oil (LCjo = 164 mg/10 g seed).
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    EFFECT OF EXTRACTION SOLVENTS ON THE EFFICACY OF Azadirachta indica A. Juss؛" Cannabis sativa L. AND Citrullus colocynthis Schrad SEED EXTRACTS IN REDUCING OVIPOSTON, EGG-HATCH AND ADULT EMERGENCE IN Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 1999-03-03) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.
    Extracts obtained from the seeds of Azadirachta indica, Cannabis sativa and Citrullus colocynthis, using acetone, methanol, ethanol and water as solvents, were assessed for their efficacy in reducing oviposition, egg-hatch and adult emergence in Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The extracts were applied to cowpea seeds either before or after seed exposure to gravid female bruchids for oviposition. Relative to extract-free control, extracts obtained with acetone, methanol, ethanol and water reduced oviposition on average, by 70.9, 65.0, 79.9 and 21.690, egg-hatch by 77.2, 50.8, 54.5 and 23.7% and adult emergence by 99.9, 68.1, 76.3 and 53.716 respectively. Organic solvent extracts, especially those obtained with acetone, caused significantly higher reductions in oviposition, egg-hatch and adult emergence than water extracts. For each plant seed, the extracts obtained with water performed better on previously uninfested than on already infested cowpea seeds in reducing bruchid populations.
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    Effects of Grain Breakage and processing Method on the Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Grains and Products Obtained from Cultivars of Dry Season (Masakwa) Sorghum (Sorghum Mcotor Moench) in Maiduguri, Nigeria
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2002-01-28) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Sastawa, B.M.; Odo, P.E.
    Background: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ) is one of the most important cereals especially in the semi-arid tropics providing the staple food for large populations in Africa and Asia. It is, however, susceptible to secondary insect pests in storage. Methods: In this study, the effects of grain breakage and processing method on the development of Tribolium castaneum in grains and products derived from 10 local cultivars of dry season (Masakwa) sorghum obtained from Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria were investigated under tropical storage conditions. Results-. Results show that broken grains, whole flour and polished (lour obtained from sorghum cultivars UN-33-2-EX Chad, Bulwalana-bama, Soulk-12-Ex Cameroon, Bumku-gajibo, and Bourgou,i-28-Ex Came- roon were more suitable diets for the development of T. castaneum than undamaged grains. These substrates supported significantly 0.05كي ) higher populations of 7. castaneum larval and adult progeny than undamaged grains. Broken grain or whole flour derived from Bulwalana-mutukum-musini, Bulwalana-bama and Adja’ama-mutukum-pulka was infested significantly more than polished flour derived from the same cultivars. The study has also shown that cultivar Bulwalana-bama with a mean of progeny was, on average, the most susceptible to T. castaneum infestation whereas Bulwalana-yashawa with a mean of 67.5 progeny was the least susceptible of all the sorghum cultivars screened. The order of preference by castaneum for the different products obtained from the sorghum cultivars for optimum development was broken grains>whole flour polishcd flour>undamaged grains. Conclusion: It was concluded that the bran of Bulwalana-mutukum-musini, Bulwalana-bama and Adja'ama- mutukum-pulka possibly contain nutrients that may be beneficial for the development of castaneum and its removal by polishing reduces the susceptibility of flour derived from these cultivars.
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    Effects of temperature and yeast supplementation on the development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in wholemeal and polished flour derived from four cereals in Maiduguri, Nigeria
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2002-01-01) Lale, N.E.S.; Lawan, M.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.
    The effects of temperature, yeast and polishing (removal of bran) on the development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in flour derived from millet, sorghum, maize and wheat were in- vestigated for one generation in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Signifi- cantly more T. castaneum adults and larvae developed in flour stored at 35 °C than in flour stored at 30 ٠c or 40 و ه mortal- ity of adult beetles in flour stored at 40 °C was 95 % in sorghum and maize and 100 % in millet and wheat. Addition of three levels (2.5,5.0 and 10.0 %, w/w) of yeast to cereal flour, on av- erage, significantly increased the population of adult and lar- val progenies relative to the population in yeast-free flour. Considerably higher number of adult beetles developed in wholemeal than in polished flour derived from millet.
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    EFFECTS OF TIME OF DAY AND SEED WEIGHT ON THE FORAGING ACTIVITY OF THE HARVESTER ANT (Messorga a Forel) AND CROP LOSSES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS INFESTATION IN THE NIGERIAN SUDAN SAVANNA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 1996-01-20) Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Lale, N.E.S.; Buahin, G.K.A.
    Studies an tire effects of time of day and seed weight on the foraging activity of the harvester ant (Messgr galla Forel) were conducted during the rainy season in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria (Latitude 1 1 53' N and Longitude 3 16' E) from July to September, 1997, Losses of groundnut pods and haulm were also assessed. More ants left’.their nests than those returning with food, although the difference was not significant (P • 0.05). Foraging occurred mostly in the mornings and evenings and not during the hot afternoons. Running speed of the ,ants was significantly reduced as the load-size increased. Crop losses incurred on a 142 m3 area of farmland amounted to 13.8 kg' of groundnut pods and 5'1.8 kg of haulm, respectively, and these were valued at N1657.Q and N 136.9 respectively. The implications of these findings foi chemical control are discussed.
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    EFFICACY OF GINGER OIL AS PHYTOCHEMICAL INSECTICIDE FOR THE CONTROL OF Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) IN STORED COWPEA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 1999-01-01) Sastawa, B.M.; Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.
    Ginger oil dosage o f 0,50, 100, 150. 200 and 250mgl0g cowpea was evaluated under laboratory conditions (24 - 3 0 0 and 45 - 68% r.h) in Maiduguri, for their 0 0 0 3 in protecting stored cowpea from damage by Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleptera: bruclridae). The results show that ginger oil significantly reduced egg laying and adult emergence and increased egg mortality in c. maculatus. The results suggest that ginger oil can be used to protect cowpea against infestation and damage by c. maculatus in the semi-aridzone of Nigeria.
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    EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS NEEM (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) SEED EXTRACT AND PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL FOR CONTROL OF TOMATO FRUITWORM, Heliocoverpa (Heliothis) armigera (Hubner) IN MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 1998-11-03) Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Lale, N.E.S.
    ield trial was conducted from October 1997 to April 1998 in Maiduguri, Nigeria, to evaluate the relative effectiveness of aqueous neem seed extract (ANSE) and pirimiphos-methyl (PMM) (Actellic 25 EC) In controlling tomato fruitworm, Helicdverpa (Heliothis) armigera (Hubner) in irrigated tomato. ANSE and PMM significantly reduced the populations of H. armigera larvae and the number and weight of damaged tomato fruits. Application of ANSE at the rate of 2.65 g/m2 or PMM at 1.75 mg ai.i./m2 provided better protection of fruits than application of 1.65 g/m2 of ANSE. Yield of marketable fruits increased with -occasional exceptions, but damage and loss of fruits decreased as the hot season (characterised by higher temperatures and longer daylight periods) approached.
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    EVALUATION OF CARBOFURAN FOR THE CONTROL OF HARVESTER ANT (MESSOR GALLA FOREL) IN THE NIGERIAN SUDAN SAVANNA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2001-01-01) Ayayi, Folorunso A.; Sastawa, B.M.; Lale, N.E.S.
    Abstract The effectiveness of dijj"erent formulations of Furadan 3(7" (Carbofuran) a٦١d frequency o f application for the control o f harvester ants, Messor (!//(, ١v«s evaluated on groundnut and ,billet .fields in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria (Latitude 11" 51’ / ٧ and Longitude u " /6" E) frotn August to October, 2000, Results obtained showed that a considerably lower number of harvester ants were found in the vicinity o f nests that received two applications o f each of the three fornndations offttradan than in the vicinity o f nests that received one application. There was a significant difference in the number o f harvester ants between treated nests and untreated nests. Broadcasting 0/ millet seeds baited with furadan in the, run-way o f ant trails or drenching the nests with furadan suspension in water performed considerably better in reducing the population o f ants than the application o f pure granules of furadan.
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    EVALUATION OF NEEM (AZADRACHTA INDICA SEED A. JUSS) OIL FOR CONTROL OF TOMATO FRUITWORM, HELICOVERPA (HELIOTHIS) ARMIGERA (HUBNER) IN MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 1999-03-01) Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Lale, N.E.S.; Joshua, S.D.
    Field trial was conducted from October 1998 to March 1999 in Maiduguri, Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness o f neem seed oil (NSO) applied in water emulsified with soap in controlling tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera in irrigated tomato. NSO significantly reduced the populations o f H. armigera larvae and the number and weight of damaged tomato fruits. NSO applied at the rate o f 20 ml/4 m2 provided better protection of fruits with less phytotoxicity than application at the rate o f 30 ml/4 nt. Yield of market able fruits increased with occasional exceptions, but damage and loss o f fruits decreased as the hot season (characterised by higher temperatures and longer day-lengths) approached.
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    EVALUATION OF PROCESSING METHODS AND INSECTISTATIC ESSENTIAL OILS FOR THE CONTROL OF SKIN BEETLES (DERMESTES MACULATUS DEGEER) INFESTING D I D FISH IN THE LAKE CHAD DISTRICT OF NIGERIA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2001-02-02) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Sastawa, B.M.
    The of fish processing methods (smoke-drying, sun-drying and removal o f scales) and insectistatic essential oils obtained jrom Syzgium aromaticum, Piper guineense and Zingiber officinale in controlling Dermestes maculatus in dried Sarotherodon niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Siluranodon auritus, was evaluated under prevailing storage conditions in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Smoke-dried fish were infested more by D. maculatus adults and larvae than sun-dried fish. The three species o f 151 were susceptible to D. maculatus infestation. Removal o f scales reduced the susceptibility ofs. niloticus to D. maculatus by more than 50%. With only occasional exceptions, the three dosages (0.48, 0.96 and 1.44 g,6O g) o f the essential oils significantly reduced infestation by D. maculatus adults and larvae. The application o f the essential oils obtained from s. aromaticum and p. guineense at the rate o f 1.44 ل ع g completely suppressed the development o f D. maculatus in dried c. gariepinus during the S-month storage period.
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    EVALUATION OF PROCESSING METHODS AND INSECTISTATIC ESSENTIAL OILS FOR THE CONTROL OF SKIN BEETLES (ms MACULATUS DEGEER) INFESTING DID FISH IN THE LAKE CHAD DISTRICT OF NIGERIA
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2000-01-01) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Sastawa, B.M.
    The o f fish processing methods (smoke-drying, sun-drying and removal o f scales) and insectistatic essential oils obtained jrom Syzgium aromaticum, Piper guineense and Zingiber officinale in controlling Dermestes maculatus in dried Sarotherodon niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Siluranodon auritus, was evaluated under prevailing storage conditions in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Smoke-dried fish were infested more by D. maculatus adults and larvae than sun-dried fish. The three species o f 151 were susceptible to D. maculatus infestation. Removal o f scales reduced the susceptibility ofs. niloticus to D. maculatus by more than 50%. With only occasional exceptions, the three dosages (0.48, 0.96 and 1.44 g,6O g) o f the essential oils significantly reduced infestation by D. maculatus adults and larvae. The application o f the essential oils obtained from s. aromaticum and p. guineense at the rate o f 1.44 g/60 completely suppressed the development o f D. maculatus in dried c. gariepinus during the S-month storage period.
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    Seed coat texture, host species and time of application affect the efficacy of essential oiDs applied for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchadae) m stored pulses
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2001-01-01) Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Lale, N.E.S.
    The effects of the texture of seed coats of three pulse cultivars, of which two, TVu12349 (wrinkled cowpea) and Borno brown (rough cowpea) belonged to Vigna unguiculata, and one, Bunmonu (smooth bambara groundnut) belonged to Vigna subterranea, as well as pre-and post-oviposition application on the efficacy of the essential oils of clove (Syzgium aromaticum), West African black pepper (WABP) [Piper guineense) and ginger (Zingiber officinale), against oviposition and development of Callosobruchus maculatus, were investigated under prevailing storage conditions (32-35°C and 40-50% RH) and 24 h darkness in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Seed coat texture influenced the bioactivity of the essential oils, especially clove oil, against oviposition and the proportion of C. maculatus adults that emerged significantly more than host species: the mean numbers of eggs laid on the smooth- seeded Bunmonu, the rough-seeded Borno brown and the wrinkled TVu12349 were 16.9, 16.7 and 24.2%, respectively; adult emergence was 31,.1% in the wrinkled TVu12349, 45.3% in the rough-seeded Borno brown and 10.2% in the smooth-seeded Bunmonu. The smooth-seeded Bunmonu reduced oviposition in seeds treated with clove oil by 91.4% and 98.4% relative to the mean number of eggs laid in the rough-seeded and the wrinkled Tvu12349, respectively; comparable figures of oviposition reduction by Bunmonu in untreated seeds were 4.8 and 15.9% relative to the mean number of eggs laid in Borno brown and Tvu12349, respectively. Both pre-and post-oviposition application of the essential oils significantly suppressed oviposition and/or adult emer­ gence. In the pre-oviposition application, treatment of bambaranut seeds with clove, WABP and ginger oils at the rate of 1 mg/5 g seed reduced the mean number of eggs laid by C. maculatus by 70.7, 98.7 and 86.2%, respectively, relative to the number of eggs laid in untreated seeds. Post-oviposition treatments were, however, more effective on average, than pre-oviposition treatments in reducing the proportion of C. maculatus adults that emerged. In the post-oviposition application, no adult C. maculatus emerged in bambaranut seeds treated with clove oil at the rate of 0.5 or 1 mg/5 g seed.
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    Suppressing infestation of stored pearl millet Pennisetum glau-cum (-) R. Br. by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) with insecti-cidal essential oils in Maiduguri, Nigeria
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2000-02-15) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.
    The insecticidal, larvicidal and antibiotic effects of three essential oils obtained from clove (Syzgium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et L. M. Perry), West African black pepper (WABP) (Piperguineense Schumach. et Thonn.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) were evaluated against the rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.), infesting stored pearl millet in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Clove or WABP oil was significantly more toxic to adults and larvae of T. castaneum than ginger oil. At the dosage of 100 mg/5 g seed, clove, WABP and ginger oils caused 96.3, 100 and 13.2 % adult mortalities, respectively, and 65.7, 83.4 and 9.6 % larval mortalities, respectively. Application of clove or WABP oil at the rate of 80 mg/5 g seed completely suppressed the development of T. castaneum adults and larvae in millet grains.
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    Suppression of development of callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Col.: Bruchidea) in bambara groundnut seeds exposed to solar heat in the Nigerian savanna
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2001-02-03) Lale, N.E.S.; Ajayi, Folorunso A.
    The effect of Solarization on the development of Callosobrushus Maculatus was investigated in the Nigerian svanna during the hot season from April to Ma, 1999: Development of C. maculatus adult progeny was completely suppressed in seeds of bambara groundnut. Vigna subterrened bearing bruchid eggs or barbouring first and second instar lavae that were expose to the sun...
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    Susceptibility of unprotected seeds and seeds of local bambara groundnut cultivars protected with insecticidal essential oils to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2000-02-10) Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Lale, N.E.S.
    Ten local cultivars of bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt obtained directly from farmers in Potiskum, Nigeria and from the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, Nigeria were compared with three improved varieties developed at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria for their susceptibility to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Three cultivars (Maifarinhaneh, Angale and Bunmonu) with a susceptibility index (SI) of 3.06-3.71 were identified as slightly susceptible to C. maculatus', four cultivars (Bagantere, Bakingangala, Ole and Bakiyawa 1) and one improved variety (TVSU 1061) with an SI of 4.39-4.93 as moderately susceptible; and three cultivars (Bidi, Uzu and Dadinkowa 1) and two improved varieties (TVSU 702 and TVSU 751) with an SI of 5.00-5.34 as susceptible. Five of the cultivars were used to examine the ability of beetle populations to overcome varietal resistance over six successive generations. Development time was significantly longer but percentage of adults that emerged and susceptibility of bambara groundnuts were significantly lower in F4, F 5 or F6 generations than in the F, or F2 generation. The efficacy of combining insecticidal essential oils obtained from clove, Syzgium aromaticum, West African black pepper (WABP), Piper guineense, and ginger, Zingiber officinale applied at the rate of 2 mg/20 g seed and six of the local bambara groundnut cultivars (Angale, Maifarinhaneh, Bakingangala, Bagantere, Bunmonu and Bidi) with differing susceptibilities to C. maculatus (F.) was also assessed during a 3- month storage period. The three essential oils significantly reduced the percentage of C. maculatus adults that emerged from the bambara groundnut cultivars in the p! generation and the number of adult offspring that developed in the cultivars during the 3-month storage period. The mean number of progeny that developed in untreated seeds and seeds treated with clove, WABP and ginger oils during the study period were 73.0, 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. No adult C. maculatus, however, developed in slightly and moderately susceptible cultivars treated with essential oils. Treatment of seeds of Bidi (a susceptible cultivar) with the essential oils reduced the percentage of adults that emerged in the Fj generation from 26.8% in untreated seeds to 0.0, 0.1 and 0.4% in seeds treated with clove, WABP and ginger oils, respectively; and reduced loss in seed weight after three months’ storage from 34% to 0.0, 0.01 and 0.1%, respectively. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    TOXIC AND REPELLENT EFFECTS OF THREE EDIBLE SPICE OILS ON CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) INFESTING STORED BAMBARA GROUNDNUT VIGNA SUBTERRANEA (L.) VERDCOURT
    (Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2000-01-12) Ajayi, Folorunso A.; Lale, N.E.S.
    The insecticidal and repellent effects of clove (Syzgium aromaticuni), West African black pepper (WABP) (Piper guineense) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) oils were evaluated against the cowpea seed bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) infesting stored bambara groundnut under prevailing storage conditions in Ni­ geria. In the toxicity tests C. maculatus adults were exposed to 5 g of bambara groundnut seeds admixed with five dosages of each spice oil while in the repellency tests adult bruchids were introduced onto test arenas (filter paper discs) treated with different dosages o f each of the spice oils. Insecticidal spice oils were ranked in the order of decreasing toxicity as clove oil (LC.O =1.33 rng/5 g seed) > WABP oil (LC.O =1.59 mg/5 g) > ginger oil (LC.O = 7.08 mg/5 g). Significantly higher proportions of C. maculatus adults were repelled from filter paper discs treated with clove or WABP oil than from discs treated with ginger oil. At the dosage of 100-250 mg/ 30cm2, clove oil and WABP oil evoked class V repellency (80.1-100%) while ginger oil evoked classes IV (60.1- 80%) and V repellency.