Browsing by Author "Ishaleku, D."
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Item Open Access ANTIBIOGRAM OF NON-SORBITOL FERMENTING ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES IN KEFFI, NIGERIA(Deepartment of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2014-01-01) Ngwai, Y. B.; Gyar, S. D.; Pennap, Grace Rinmecit; Makut, M.D.; Ishaleku, D.; Corosi, S. M.; Nkene, I. H.; Uzoamaka, N.Non-sorbitol fermenting Escherichia coli, particularly 0157:H7, are major public health concern. This study was undertaken to isolate and identify non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) E. coli from stool samples and food sources in Keffi metropolis. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples of vegetables (100), raw beef (110), undercooked beef (60), local fresh milk product ("Nono”: 50), cow dung (10) and human stool (100) were collected from five different locations in Keffi metropolis and NSF E. coli was isolated and confirmed by culture on Sorbitol MacConkey agar, Eosine Methylene Blue agar and biochemical tests namely, Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Poskauer and citrate test (IMViC). Antibiotics susceptibility tests using standard procedure were carried on the isolates. E. coli was detected in 298 (69.3%) samples. Of the positive samples, 64 (21.5%) were NSF E coli with high detection in raw beef (43.8%) and cow dung (40.0%); and 234 (78.5%) were sorbitol-fermenting (SF) strains with high detection in all sources. The NSF E. coli were highly susceptible to septrin (79.7%), peflacine (68.8%), streptomycin (71.9%), gentamicin (62.5%) and ofloxacin (70.3%); but less to ampicillin (12.5%), augmentin (32.8%), ceporex (32.8%), nalidixic acid (43.8%) and ciprofloxacin (48.4%). There were 46 different resistance phenotypes with AU, CPX, SXT, S, PN, CEP, OFX, NA, PEF; AU, CPX, PN, CEP, NA; AU, PN, CEP, NA, CN; PN, CEP, NA, CN; and CPX, PN, NA dominating at 4.7 % each. MAR was observed in all the isolates with resistance to 4 and 5 antibiotics being more frequent at 23.4% and 21.9% respectively. The lowest MAR index was 0.3. In conclusion, non-sorbitol fermenting E. coli was shown to contaminate some cabbage vegetables, raw beef, undercooked beef, and "Nono” consumed in Keffi metropolis. The NSF E. coli were more susceptible to septrin, aminoglycosides and ofloxacin; and originate from an environment where antimicrobials are freely available and misused. __ _Item Open Access Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Molecular Detection of tetA Genes in Tetracycline Resistant Salmonella Species Isolated from Different Water Sources in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2020-05-22) Adamu, M.O.; Ishaleku, D.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Obiekezie, S.O.; Owuna, J.E.This study was carried out to determine the antibiotics susceptibility profile and molecular detection of tetA genes in tetracycline resistant Salmonella species isolated from different water sources in Keffi, Central Nigeria. A total of 100 water samples, 25 each of well, public borehole, tap and sachet water were collected from different locations within the Metropolis and analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Of which 38(38.0%) of the samples were contaminated with Salmonella species with well water having the highest contamination rate, 18(72.0%) and sachet water having the least, 3(12.0%). The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates revealed varying degree of susceptibility in which isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100.0%), Gentamicin (84.2%) and Chloramphenicol (76.3%). Susceptibility of the isolates to the other antibiotics tested is as follows; Vancomycin (47.4%), Ceftriaxone (44.7%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (39.5%), Tetracycline (36.8%), Sulfamethoxazole /Trimethoprim (31.6%) and Erythromycin (15.9%). They also exhibited different antibiotic resistance phenotypes: E, TE, SXT; AMC, E, SXT, TE, CRO, VA; TE, AMC, SXT, E; CRO, E, SXT, TE, AMC and E, AMC, SXT, TE, CRO which expresses a resistance frequency of 2(5.3%) respectively. The isolates were multiple antibiotics resistant with MAR index of 0.6 as the peak and 0.2 as the least. MAR index of 0.3 was the most encountered indices with an occurrence of 8(21.1%). Similarly, of the 38 total isolates, only 21(55.3%) were cured indicating that resistance were plasmid-mediated. Molecular detection of Tetracycline resistant plasmid gene (tetA) was conducted by Polymerase Chain Reaction method while agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the tetA genes were on the 282bp band. Therefore, water in Keffi should be properly treated before consumption while boreholes and wells should be dug far away from latrines and septic tanks so as to avoid cross-contamination by faecal materials and indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be discouraged.Item Open Access Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Commercial Poultry and Poultry Farm Handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-19) Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Tsaku, P.A.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.Aim: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from commercial poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Study Design: Investigative. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, from 1st November 2017 to 31th April 2018. Methodology: A total of 1500 samples (poultry droppings, poultry flesh, feeds, handlers’ faeces and hand swabs) were screened for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium using preenrichment and selective enrichment culture media. Subculture of inoculated samples was done on Salmonella Shigella agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were confirmedas serovar Typhimurium using both the conventional biochemical screening tests and Microgen Bio product GN identification system and slide agglutination test using polyvalent antisera. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation were carried out as described by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Resistance was highest to Augmentin (98.1%) and lowest to Imipenem (1.0%). No resistance was observed in all the isolates from poultry handlers to Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin and Streptomycin; but all were resistant to Ampicillin and Augmentin. The resistance of isolates from poultry and handlers to all the antibiotics is significant (χ 2 = 13.037; P = 0.01). Most (86.7%, 92/106) resistant isolates belong to the multiple drug resistance class.The distribution of classes of resistance of isolates from poultry and handlers is significant (χ2 = 318; P = 0.00). MARI is greater than 0.2. Conclusion: Salmonella Typhimurium with increasing multidrug resistance to antibiotics especially the βlactam antibiotics has emerged in poultry.Item Open Access CASES OF MALARIA AND TYPHOID FEVER CO-INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY CLINIC, KEFFI, NIGERIA(Department of Zoology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2010-06-23) Ombugadu, Ruth Jamila; Ishaleku, D.; Abubakar, O.Y.Jn this study, 2000 blood samples were collected among the patients attending Nasarawa State University clinic with the symptoms for malaria and typhoid fever between January and June, 2009. Parasitological examination was employed in which both thin and thick blood smears were prepared for diagnosing malaria parasites, while widal test was used for the diagnosis of typhoid parasites. ^The results showed that 114 (5.70%) patients were positive for malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum), 145 (7.25%) were positive for the co-infection of malaria and typhoid fever, while 79 (3.95%) were positive for typhoid fever. Statistically, there was significant difference between co-infection of malaria pararsites/ typhoid and gender (x2 - 3.841, df = 1, P< 0.05), age group (x2 - 87.5, df = 5, P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the coinfection of malaria parasites/ typhoid and patient's occupation (x2 = 11.07, df = 5, P <0.05)., There was significant difference in the studied factors and malaria parasites as well as typhoid parasites infection P<0.05. From this study it is noted that malaria/ typhoid co-infection is a public health problem, which requires adequate diagnosis and proper choice of drugs for effective treatment of patients.Item Open Access Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-praduction in Escherichia coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-19) Tsaku, P.A.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Ibrahim, T.; Nkene, I.H.; Abimiku, R.H.Serious clinical concern has been raised globally over the continual evolution of pathogenic microorganismsthat are resistant to several chemotherapeutic agents,especially the beta-lactam antibiotics.Item Open Access Hepatitis B Virus Carriage among Students of a Nigerian Tertiary Institution: A Cohort of Eligible Blopd Donors(Department of Zoology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2011-09-23) Pennap, G.R.; Nwachukwu, O.; Ishaleku, D.; Ombugadu, Ruth JamilaHepatitis B virus infection may go unnoticed because >50% of the cases are subclinical. Infected people therefore either unconsciously contribute to the transmission*of the virus or do not seek medical attention with a resultant liver cirrhosis or. hepatocellular carcinoma. This gtudy was mooted to provide a prevalence baseline data in a cohort that is eligible for blood donations with a view to instituting proactive prevention programmes. About 200 students that indicated willingness to participate in this study'were recruited. About 5 mL of venous blood was taken from each student and the resultant serum screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using smart Check HBsAg ELISA (Giobalmed, South Africa (PTY) Cape Town). Positive samples were confirmed with Clinotech HBsAg test kit (Clinotech diagnostic and Pharmaceuticals, Canada). Screening was performed according to the manufacturers instructions. Of the 200 samples screened, 23 (11.5%) tested positive. There was no statistically significant association between the viral infection and gender, age, having multiple sex partners, possession of tribal marks and dmg injections (p>0.05). This prevalence of 11.5% is a cause for alarm especially in a cohort that is eligible for blood donation. It is therefore necessary to intensify health promotion efforts in the tertiary institutions.Item Open Access Molecular Diversity and Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from Patients Attending Selected Health Care Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-09-02) Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.; Tsaku, P.A.; Ibrahim, T.; Tama, S.C.; Ishaleku, D.; Pennap, G.R.I.Aims: This study investigated the molecular diversity and extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli isolated from patients attending selected healthcare facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between December 2017 and June, 2019. Methodology: A total of 207 confirmed E. coli isolates (using standard microbiological methods) from loose stool samples of patients with suspected cases of diarrhea (69 from Federal Medical Centre Keffi [MCK] 69 from General Hospital Akwanga [GHA] and 69 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia [DASHL]) were included in this study. Results: Phenotypic detection of ESBL production by β-lactam resistant isolates was done using double disc synergy test. Molecular detection of ESBL genes in phenotypically confirmed ESBL producers was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Out of 56 isolates jointly resistant to cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin from DASHL, FMCK and GHA, 53.6% (30/56) were ESBL producers, distributed in relation to the hospitals as follows: blaCTX-M in DASHL was 6(66.7%), FMCK was 11(100.0%), and GHA was 10(100.0%); blaSHV in DASHL was 8(88.9%), FMCK was 7(63.6%), and GHA was 10(100.0%), and blaTEM in DASHL was 9(100.0%), FMCK was 10(90.9%), and GHA was 10(100.0%). Also, the occurrence of blaSHV was 100.0% in GHA but 88.9% in DASHL. The detection DEC was high in DASHL (88.9%) but low inGHA (58.8%). The occurrence of ETEC was high in GHA (60.0%) while EAEC was also high in FMCK (81.8%) and GHA (70.0%). The isolates were distributed into strain A – J based on RFLP pattern and the occurrence of strain A was high in GHA (70.0%) but low in DASHL (33.3%). Conclusion: Most of the isolates were both diarrheagenic and ESBL resistant, and the predominant ESBL and pathotypes genes were blaCTX-M, blaTEM and EAEC. Further studies on molecular detection of sub-types of ESBL and sequencing of diarrheagenic pathotypes genes should be carried out.Item Open Access Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance of Escherichia coli from Patients Attending Selected Healthcare Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-09-10) Abimiku, R.H.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E. B.; Tsaku, P.A.; Ibrahim, T.; Tama, S.C.; Ishaleku, D.; Pennap, G.R.I.Aims: This study investigated the phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli isolated from diarrheic patients attending some major health facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between December, 2017 to March, 2019. Methodology: A total of 207 confirmed E. coli isolates from loose stool samples of patients with suspected cases of diarrhea (69 from Federal Medical Centre Keffi [MCK] 69 from General Hospital Akwanga [GHA] and 69 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia [DASHL]) were included in this study. Results: E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for the isolates was carried out and interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production in isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime) was carried out using double disc synergy test. The occurrence of E. coli was 100% in all the hospitals. Age groups 0-5 and 6-10 years have the highest occurrence than age group 35 – >45 years. Isolates from DASHL were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (86.9%), Streptomycin (75.0%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (68.1%), isolates from FMCK were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (84.1%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (69.6%), isolates from GHA were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (85.5%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (73.0%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed with the order of occurrence: FMCK (98.6%) > DASHL (92.8%) > GHA (89.9%). The most common MAR index of 0.2 in DASHL was 0.4 (20.3%); FMCK was 0.4 (15.9%) and GHA was 0.3 (17.4%). The order of occurrence of classes of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates in DASHL was MDR (84.0%) ˃ XDR(7.2%) > PDR and NMDR (4.3%); in FMCK was MDR (91.3%) ˃ XDR(4.3%) ˃ NMDR (2.9%) and PDR(1.4%); and in GHA was MDR (88.8%) ˃ NMDR(5.8%) > XDR and PDR(2.9%). Detection rate of ESBL was 53.6% (30/207), distributed in relation to the location as DASHL (60.0%), FMCK (50.0%) and GHA (52.6%). Conclusion: Most of the isolates from the study locations were antibiotic resistance. Further studies on molecular detection of ESBL, diversity and characterization of the E. coli into pathotypes are ongoingItem Open Access Prevalence and Predictors of Rotavirus Infection among Children Aged 0-5 Years with Gastroenteritis in 2 Selected Healthcare Centres in Keffi, Nigeria(Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2021-01-13) Ibrahim, I.; Usman, U.R; Haruna, Isa Mohammed; Ishaleku, D.Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of Rotavirus infection among children aged 0-5 years with gastroenteritis in 2 selected healthcare centres in Keffi, Nigeria. Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between March and June 2019. Methodology: 303 stool samples (203 from FMC Keffi and 100 from PHC Angwan Waje, Keffi) were collected from children with gastroenteritis and information about them were obtained by structured questionnaires. All collected samples were screened for the presence of Rotavirus antigen using Aria Rotavirus antigen detection test kit (CTK Biotech, Inc, San Diego, USA). Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 303 children with gastroenteritis majority of who were males (157/303) aged 0-12 months (153/303) were screened. Of them, 54(17.8%) tested positive for Rotavirus infection of which 41(20.2%) were from FMC Keffi while the remaining 13(13.0%) were from PHC Angwan Waje, Keffi. Highest prevalence of the viral infection was recorded among males (19.7%) of 0-12 months of age (24.8%). Gender, source of water, exclusive breastfeeding, vomiting and diarrhea episodes (per day) were predictors of Rotavirus infection in this study (P<0.05). However, age, day care attendance and stool appearance were not significantly associated with the viral infection (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study reveals the presence of Rotavirus infection in the study population. Therefore, there is need to include Rotavirus infection in the differential diagnosis of infantile gastroenterites to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment. There is also the need to include Rotavirus vaccine in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Nigeria so as to protect children aged 0-5 years from rotavirus induced diarrhea.Item Open Access PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM FROM COMMERCIAL POULTRY AND HANDLERS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2019-05-21) Ibrahim, T.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Pennap, G.R.I.; Ishaleku, D.; Tsaku, P.A.; Abimiku, R.H.; Nkene, I.H.; Bassey, E.B.This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium from commercial poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. This was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria, from 1st November 2017 to 31th April 2018. A total of 1500 samples (poultry droppings, flesh feed, handlers’ faeces and hand swabs) were screened for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium using standard bacteriological methods. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were confirmed as serovar Typhimurium using both the conventional biochemical screening tests and Microgen Bioproduct GN identification system, and serotyping by the slide agglutination test using polyvalent antiserum according to Kauffman White’s scheme. The prevalence of S. Typhiumurium was 7.1% (106/1500), with the highest sample-related prevalence in droppings (16.7%, 50/300), the highest location-related prevalence in NW (11.8%, 59/500) and zero prevalence in hand swabs across all locations. The differences between the prevalence rates from the various sample types were insignificant (p = 0.10).The results would bridge the gaps in data of prevalence of S.Typhimurium in poultry and handlers in Nasarawa State. The Findings will be beneficial to individuals, public health officials, regulatory agencies and poultry handlers on the need for observing strict sanitation and hygienic practices in poultry rearing and processing. Salmonella Typhimurium contamination is prevalent in poultry, and handlers’ infection is possible via direct and/or indirect contact with colonized poultry.Item Open Access Schistosoma haematobium Infections among school children in Keffi Town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria(Department Of Zoology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2014-10-20) Ishaleku, D.; Andrew, Yako B.; Usman, D.; Azamu, S.AUsing cleaned, autoclaved wide mouthed universal bottles and-instructed, by demonstration on how to provide urine for the study; 20mls of clean early morning mid-stream catch urine samples were collected from 200 pupils in Keffi Town. With the assistance of their Teachers, pupils' basicepidemiological information was obtained through constructed questionnaires. The specimens were ■ labelled, parked appropriately and taken to the laboratory for analysis. Using a reagent strip and the manufacturer’s colour chart, the amount ol blood in the urine was estimated. The sedimentation method was used and the sediment transferred onto clean grease free glass slide, and examined microscopically. Of the 200 samples (90 males and 102 females), 01(30.5%) were infected-with Schistosoma haematobium, in which males had, a prevalence of 15.0% compared to 15.5% among females. The' statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (P<0.05) in Schistosoma haematobium infoclion among males and females. The prevalence of Schistosoma , haematobium infection among school children in relation to 3ge showed that ages 11-13 years had the highest rate (40.98%). The statistical analysis also revealed a significant difference (P>0.05) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among the 4 schools in the study area. There was also a strong association between the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and haemaluria among the pupils.Item Open Access Seropositivity of Chlamydophila pneumoniae immunoglobulin G. antibody of HIV/AIDS patients in Abuja, Nigeria(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2010-05-20) Ngwai, Y.B.; Izebe, K.S.; Ijele, I.G.; Ishaleku, D.; Inyang, U.S.To detect IgG antibody to Chlamydophila pneumoniae (CP) in sera of HIV/AIDS patients and provide rationale for inclusion of routine screening for anti-CP antibodies and anti-Chlamydial agents in the Nigerian National HIV/AIDS Management plan.Item Open Access The Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis B And C Virus Co-Infection Among HIV-1-infected Patients In Keffi, North Central Nigeria.(Department Of Microbiology, Faculty Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2013-05-13) Okwori, A.E.J.; Alabi, S.S.; Ngwai, Y.B.; Makut, M.D.; Obiekezie, S.O.; Ishaleku, D.; Gabo, S.; Akogwu, N.G.; Anejo, Okopi; Ameh, J.; Adikwu, T.I.Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are devastating disease agents that share common modes of transmission. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infection rates among HIV patients accessing healthcare at Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. This study lasted between June - December, 2012. A total of 200 seropositive HIV patients participated in the study at the ART clinic. Blood samples collected routinely were screened for the presence of HBV and HCV. Socio-demographic information was collected by the use of a questionnaire. The study population comprised of 54(27%) males and 146 (73%) females. 11% (22/200) were positive for HBV, 13.5% (27/200) were positive for HCV and 5% (10/200) were positive for both HBV and HCV. The prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C co-infection among the HIV patients was insignificantly different (P>0.05) statistically for sex (P=0.37) and ART status (P=0.57) different for Educational status (P=0.57), Marital status (P=0.09), Age (P=0.99), Occupation (P=0.79), CD4 Count (P=0.96) and sociodemographic factors (P=0.88). The prevalence rates of HBV and HCV co-infection are increasing in patients with HI. Having acquired the knowledge about the importance of such a co-infection, it is essential that all the patients with HIV be screened for HBV and HCV co-infection.Item Open Access SPECIES RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLACKFLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN RIVERS OF SOUTHERN ZONE OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Department of Zoology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2016-02-27) Tongjura, J.D.C.; Amuga, G.A.; Ombugadu, Ruth Jamila; Marcus, Nengak Danjuma; Ishaleku, D.; Mafuyai, H.B.