Browsing by Author "Fadele, S.I."
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Item Open Access Engineering Geophysical Investigation Around Ungwan Doka, Shika Area within the Basement Complex of North-Western Nigeria(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-03-01) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Umbugadu, A.Geophysical investigation for engineering or environmental studies was carried out around Ungwan Doka of Shika area which falls within the Basement Complex of North-Western Nigeria. The study is aimed at evaluating the competence of the near surface formation as foundation materials, and to unravel the subsurface profile which in turn determines if there would be any subsurface lithological variation(s) that might lead to structural failure at the site and evaluating the groundwater potential of the site and determining the level of safety of the hydrogeologic system. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), using Schlumberger configuration was adopted. A total of 18 VES was conducted. The data obtained were subjected to 1-D inversion algorithm to determine the layer parameters. The geoelectric section revealed two to four lithologic units defined by the topsoil, which comprises clayey-sandy and sandy lateritic hard pan; the weathered basement; partly weathered/fractured basement and the fresh basement. The resistivity values range from 26Cm - 373Cm; 77Cm - 391Cm; 473Cm - 708Cm; and 1161Cm - 3600Cm in the topsoil, weathered, fractured basement and fresh basement respectively. Layer thicknesses vary from 0.38m – 6.58m in the topsoil, 1.1m – 33.04m in the weathered layer, 5.86m – 34.1m in the fractured basement. Depth from the surface to bedrock/fresh basement generally varied between 2.65m and 37.75m. Based on the resistivity values, it is concluded that the subsurface material up to the depth of 25m is competent and has high load-bearing capacity. However, resistivity values less than 100Cm at depths of 10m-15m indicate high porosity, high clayey sand content and high degree of saturation which are indications of soil conditions requiring serious consideration in the design of massive engineering structures. The hydrogeologic system at the site is vulnerable to contamination. Hence, the result reasonably provide a basis for which groundwater potential zones are appraised for safety in case potential sources of groundwater contamination sites such as septic tanks and sewage channels are planned for the area under study.Item Open Access GEOLOGICAL AND INDUCED POLARIZATION GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE QUARTZ-VEIN GOLD MINERALIZATION IN SOME PARTS OF AYEGUNLE SHEET 226NW, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-02-19) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Abba, S.I.The study area is predominated by granite-gneiss, mica schist, leucocratic micro granite and quartzites. The Pan African orogeny left an imprint of structural similarity upon the rock units. The granite-gneisses are found as small belts within the study area, and hosting the quartz-veins. The metasediments are fractured and folded in places. The dominant fold axes and quartz vein intrusions trend NNE-SSW parallel to the regional foliation of the rocks. The emplacement of the quartz vein is associated with the generalized strike direction of quartz vein and host rocks. The structural settings suggest that the emplacement of gold mineralization occurred during Late Pan African orogeny. Geophysical method using the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been applied in some parts of Ayegunle sheet 226NW, North Central, Nigeria aimed at investigating the electrical properties and probable exploration targets for quartz-vein gold mineralization. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), using the measuring unit ‘MER124’ and generator unit ‘ASTRA’ Imaging System was adopted to map the electrical properties as an aid to characterizing the subsurface conditions of the study area. Nine (9) profile lines were marked out for ERT investigations. For each profile, the layout for the electrical imaging was such that two reels of cables were used with 5m intervals between the takeout electrodes. However, the two innermost electrodes adjoining the two reels of cables were connected together thus yielding a total of 41 electrodes and a spread length of 200m. The data obtained using MER124 measuring unit were processed using Zond2dinv and Oasis Montaj 8.2 software. Chargeability and resistivity values varies due to the inhomogeneity of the subsurface rock hence, chargeability values in percentage (%) ranges from 0.17% around the alteration zones and relatively low sulphide mineralization to 6.22% with high sulphide mineralization and resistivities in ohms-meter ranges from as low as 5ohm-m along the alteration zones to >10,000 ohms-meter around the competent bedrock and probable zones of quartz-veins gold mineralization.Item Open Access GEOLOGICAL AND MAGNETIC GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE QUARTZ-VEIN GOLD MINERALIZATION IN SOME PARTS OF AYEGUNLE SHEET 226NW, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-02-11) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Abba, S.I.The study area is predominated by granite-gneiss, mica schist, leucocratic micro granite and quartzites. The Pan African orogeny left an imprint of structural similarity upon the rock units. The granite-gneisses are found as small belts within the study area, and hosting the quartz-veins. The metasediments are fractured and folded in places. The dominant fold axes and quartz vein intrusions trend NNE-SSW parallel to the regional foliation of the rocks. The emplacement of the quartz vein is associated with the generalized strike direction of quartz vein and host rocks. The structural settings suggest that the emplacement of gold mineralization occurred during Late Pan African orogeny. Geophysical investigations using high precision ground aerial magnetic has been applied in some parts of Ayegunle sheet 226NW, North Central, Nigeria aimed at delineating areas with high magnetic anomalies, magnetic structures and possibly exploration targets for quartz-vein gold mineralization. The geophysical survey resulting in the ground magnetic data was conducted for magnetic element exploration. The total magnetic intensity was applied to identify regional magnet ic anomalies, magnetic structures (faults) and st ructural t rends . Magnetic data was gathered using a GEM system GSM-19T proton precession magnetometer at a nominal station spacing of 10 metres. Grid location information was provided by Garmin system UTM datum WGS 84, Zone 32N coordinates and elevation data as meters above sea level in an excel spreadsheet. Several areas of total magnetic field was interpreted low as reflecting high magnetic susceptibility bodies and possible quartz vein gold or sulphide mineralization targets. Total Magnetic Intensity data ranging from 33238.5 – 33261.1nT are taken along survey traverses (normally on a regular grid) used to identify metallic mineralization that are related to magnetic materials (normally magnetite and/or pyrrhotite). Two types of magnetic trends are identified. Firstly, there are several NW-SE arcuate lineations that roughly coincide with some of the geologically mapped epithermal/vein trends. These magnetic trends possibly delineates structural breaks or geological contacts related to these exploration targets. Secondly, there are indications of a major structural break trending northerly through the centre of the survey area. While northerly trending magnetic features are not clearly delineated at these low latitudes, they sometimes appear as subtle breaks in easterly trends or as a series of monopole and/or dipole anomalies.Item Open Access Geophysical Engineering Investigation AroundMakiyaye Village, Shika Area Within The Basement Complex Of North-Western Nigeria(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-10-17) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Patrick, N.O.Geophysical investigation for engineering studies was carried out around Makiyaye village which falls within the Basement Complex of North- Western Nigeria. The study is aimed at evaluating the competence of the near surface formation as foundation materials, and to unravel the subsurface profile which in turn determines if there would be any subsurface lithological variation(s) that might lead to structural failure at the site and evaluating the groundwater potential of the site and determining the level of safety of the hydrogeologic system. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at eighteen (18) VES stations. ABEM terrameter (SAS 300) was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained have been analysed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The geoelectric section revealed three to four lithologic units defined by the topsoil, which comprises clayey-sandy and sandy lateritic hard pan; the weathered basement; partly weathered/fractured basement and the fresh basement. The resistivity values range from 28 - 354Ωm in the topsoil, 70 - 356Ωm in the weathered basement, 245 - 694Ωm in the fractured basement and 1114 - 3699Ωm in the fresh basement . Layer thicknesses vary from 0.38 – 2.64m in the topsoil, 0.7 – 37.36m in the weathered layer, 5.86 – 34.2m in the fractured basement. Depth from the surface to bedrock/fresh basement generally varied between 2.64 and 44.11m. Based on the resistivity values, it is concluded that the subsurface material up to the depth greater than 20m is competent and has high load-bearing capacity. However, resistivity values less than 100Ωm at depths of 10 - 15m indicate high porosity, high clayey sand content and high degree of saturation which are indications of soil conditions requiring serious consideration in the design of massive engineering structures. The hydrogeologic system at the site is vulnerable to contamination. Hence, the result reasonably provide a basis for which groundwater potential zones are appraised for safety in case potential sources of groundwater contamination sites such as septic tanks and sewage channels are planned for the area under study.Item Open Access Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Ahmadu Bello University (Abu) Farm Area(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-02-04) Baba, Adama Oleka; Jatau, B.S.; Fadele, S.I.Hydrogeophysical investigation was carried out in Ahmadu Bello University Farm Area. The results obtain from the field were converted to response curves; depth of penetration of current to layers, resistivities, thicknesses, and groundwater potential were deduced. Water potential in the area shows three unit of water system at various depths (10 meter. 42 meter, and 82 meter). The apparent resistivity values ranges from as low as 29 ohm meter to as high as 25,027 ohm meter. This is an indication that some area might be clay formation while other areas are highly consolidated. IXID curve modeling of the area reveal 6–7 lithologic sequences with various thicknesses consisting of Top soil, Sandy clay, Fine to Medium sand, Coarse sand, Weathered Basement, Fractured Basement, and Fresh Basement. Water bearing zones are within the third to sixth lithologic layer; this is due to the moderate resistivity values obtain. The lithostratigraphy controls the occurrence, type, and behaviour of the aquifer units in the area. Three aquifer systems were demarcated from the lithologic sequences: Soft Overburden Aquifer, Weathered Aquifer, and Structural Controlled Aquifer. The three aquifer unit flows through a ground channel to River Shika. The Soft Overburden Aquifer towards the Kubanni Dam was divided to three members; Fine grained sand, Medium grained sand, and Coarse grained sand. The groundwater in the members flows towards the Kubanni Reservoirs. Their water level varies with regional rainfall as input and output (recharge and evaporation). The three aquifer type (Soft Overburden, Weathered, and Fractured Aquifer) of the area depict varied water potential form one spot to another.Item Open Access Groundwater Investigation in Parts of Kaduna South and Environs using Wenner Offset Method of Electrical Resistivity Sounding(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-01-14) Jatau, B.S.; Fadele, S.I.; Agelaga, A.G.The Wenner offset system of electrical resisitivity sounding and its multicore cable was used to carry out resistivity survey, in parts of Kaduna town and environs in the Basement Complex of Northern Nigeria. The study is aimed at preliminary appraisal of the groundwater potential of the study area. Thirteen sounding points were taken at various point of interest using Abem terrameter SAS1000.The readings were at spacings of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128m. The field obtained were plotted and subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. The layers, resistivities, thicknesses, the depth to basement, and the groundwater potential were deduced. The study area revealed four to six geoelectric layers, consisting of topsoil (laterite, sand and clay), lateritic clay, sand and clay), (sandy clay) highly weathered basement, partially weathered/fractured basement rocks units and fresh basement rock or bedrock. The highly weathered basement/partially weathered and fractured layers constitute the main aquifer unit and with varied potentials in the study area.Item Open Access Subsurface Electrical Resistivity Investigation At The Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State,Nigeria.(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-01-15) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Adegoke, I.Electrical resistivity method was used in carrying out geophysical investigations at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, with a view of determining the depth to the bedrock, thickness of the top soil and weathered basement.Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at forty (40) VES stations. ABEM terrameter (SAS 300) was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained have been analysed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. Results from the interpretation suggest three layers in most parts of the study area. However, there is a case of two layers at a station. The resistivity value for the topsoil layer varies from 2 to 738Ωm with thickness ranging from 1 to 3.9 metres. The weathered basement has resistivity values ranging from 32 to 1735Ωm and thickness of between 0.52 and 23 metres. The fresh basement (bedrock) has resistivity values ranging from 100 to 6,036Ωm.Item Open Access Subsurface Stratigraphic Mapping Using The D.C Electrical Resistivity Around Shika, Kaduna State, Nigeria.(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-10-11) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Patrick, N.O.Electrical resistivity investigation was carried out around Shika, Kaduna state, Nigeria in order to delineate the subsurface geologic strata with a view of determining the depth to the bedrock and thickness of the geologic strata. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at eighteen (18) VES stations. ABEM terrameter (SAS 300) was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained have been analysed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study area is composed of hard pan top soil (clayey and sandy-lateritic), weathered layer, partly weathered or fractured basement and fresh basement. The resistivity value for the topsoil layer varies from 60Ωm to 373Ωm with thickness ranging from 1.06 to 4.14 m. The weathered basement has resistivity values ranging from 70Ωm to 708Ωm and thickness of between 1.77 to 33.04 m. The fractured or partly weathered basement has resistivity values ranging from 318Ωm to 834Ωm and thickness of between 12.9 to 26.3 m. The fresh basement (bedrock) has relatively high resistivity values ranging from 1161Ωm to 3115Ωm with infinite depth. However, the depth from the earth’s surface to the bedrock surface varies between 3.32 to 36 m. The study further stressed the importance of the findings in engineering, groundwater exploration and waste disposal problem.Item Open Access Subsurface Structural Characterization of Filatan Area A, Zaria – Kano Road, using the 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography(Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-01-14) Fadele, S.I.; Jatau, B.S.; Goki, N.G.The method adopted for this paper was the 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), using the ABEM LUND Imaging System. A Wenner configuration WEN32SX was carried out to map the electrical properties as an aid to characterizing the subsurface conditions around Filatan area, Zaria aimed at determining the depth to the competent stratum in the subsurface and delineation of areas that are prone to subsidence or some form of instability, study the groundwater potential with a view of determining the depth to the bedrock and thickness of the overburden and probable depth of sewage system. Four profiles were occupied in the study area. For each profile, the layout geometry for the electrical imaging was such that two reels of cables were used with 5m intervals between the takeout electrodes. However, the two innermost electrodes adjoining the two reels of cables were connected together thus yielding a total of 41 electrodes and a spread length of 200m. The data obtained using ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 were processed using RES2DIVN software. Based on the electrical images obtained in the study area, the following deductions were made. The depth to the fresh basement is generally well beyond 30.0m. The study reveals the presence of three to four distinct layers respectively; the topsoil, weathered basement/partly weathered basement and fresh basement with resistivity values ranging from 28 – 95Ωm for topsoil, 95 – 276Ωm for weathered basement, 97 – 815Ωm for partly weathered basement and as high as 2435Ωm for the bedrock (fresh basement). These layers constitute the overburden with a thickness of 29.3m revealed by the pseudosections. The topsoil composed of laterite and brownish sandy clay with an average thickness of 11.0m, which are indications of soil conditions requiring serious consideration in the design of massive engineering structures because of their low load-bearing capacity. The weathered basement underlies the topsoil with an average thickness of 18.3.0m and this is a good aquifer in the study area. The depth of sewage system in this area should not exceed 10m to avoid groundwater contamination since the entire area is shallow to the aquifferrous zone.Item Open Access The Use of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) for Subsurface Geophysical Investigation around Bomo Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-01-01) Jatau, B.S.; Patrick, N.O.; Baba, Adama Oleka; Fadele, S.I.Electrical resistivity investigation was carried out around Bomo area, Zaria, Kaduna state, in order to study the subsurface geologic layer with a view of determining the depth to the bedrock and thickness of the geologic layers. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at fifteen (15) VES stations. ABEM terrameter (SAS 300) was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained have been analysed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study area is composed of hard pan top soil (clayey and sandy-lateritic), weathered layer, partly weathered or fractured basement and fresh basement. The resistivity value for the topsoil layer varies from 40Ωm to 450Ωm with thickness ranging from 1.25 to 7.5 m. The weathered basement has resistivity values ranging from 50Ωm to 593Ωm and thickness of between 1.37 to 20.1 m. The fractured basement has resistivity values ranging from 218Ωm to 520Ωm and thickness of between 12.9 to 26.3 m. The fresh basement (bedrock) has resistivity values ranging from 1215Ωm to 2150Ωm with infinite depth. However, the depth from the earth’s surface to the bedrock surface varies between 2.63 to 34.99 m. The study further stressed the importance of the findings in civil engineering structures and groundwater prospecting.Item Open Access WASHABILITY AND FROTH FLOTATION TESTS OF LAFIA-OBI COAL DEPOSIT, NASARAWA STATE, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA.(Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-03-01) Jatau, B.S.; Amoka, I.S.; Fadele, S.I.Washability and froth flotation tests on Lafia-Obi Coal deposit Nasarawa State North-Central Nigeria were carried out on samples of the coal deposit obtained from seams 30, 13 and 12 after size reduction using hammer and jaw crush respectively. This is a follow-up research of the proximate analysis conducted with the same samples in the same study area Heavy liquids used for the washability test were carbon tetrachloride CCl4, tannile C6C5 – NH2 nitro benzene C6H5NO3 and Bromoform CHBr3 1.18 to 0.6 micro screened size fractions were adopted for the washability test. 355-600 micro size fractions were used for the trial flotation and +180 to 355 micro size fractions were used for the second trial flotation. From the washability test assuming ash content of 5.7% is acceptable a separating density of 1.6 and a yield of 80% will be obtained. Froth flotation at Ph7 of the coal gave an average ash content of the total float to be 6.64% with the higher ash content reporting in the first float being10.29%. The sulphur, moisture and volatile matter are same as in the raw coal. Froth flotation at Ph9 of the coal gave an average ash content of6.95% with the fine coal reporting first with less ash content of 3.42%. This difference could be probably due to the presence of pyrite which might have been depressed at Ph9. These results support the mediumcoking characteristic of the coal deposit.