Browsing by Author "Enemali, M.O."

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    Assessment of the Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Seed Extract of Garcinia kola on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rat Models
    (Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-19) Ayuba, R.B.; Enemali, M.O.; Mairiga, Jamey Peters; Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Ani, O.N.
    Aims: To assess the effect of G. kola ethanol seed extract on CCl4-induced liver toxicity in albino rats. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out. Study Design: Randomized block design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria between January and August, 2019. Methodology: Thirty male albino rats were randomly distributed into six groups of five rats each. Group 1, normal control, Group 2, standard control, groups 3–6, test groups all administered for seven days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and liver harvested for histology Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids; 1.260±0.00 mg/dl, tannins; 920±0.00 mg/dl, flavonoids; 2.045±0.00 mg/dl, Carbohydrates; 2.00±0.00 mg/dl, Steroids; 0.012±0.00 mg/dl and Cardiac glycosides; 1.25±0.00 mg/dl, saponins, terpenes and anthroquinones were absent. AST in groups 3, 4 and 5 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to control. ALT was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in all the treatment groups (4, 5, 6) compared to the control groups (1 and 2). ALP activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the test groups compared to the normal control. Total bilirubin increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the treatment groups compared to the controls. Direct Bilirubin was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the treatment groups (5, 6) compared to the normal control. GSH decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups compared to the control. CAT and SOD showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Photomicrographs of the liver showed ballooning degeneration with complete loss of nuclear material. Conclusion: The administered doses in this study did not protect against CCl4 induced liver toxicity in albino rats.
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    Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Haematological Parameters and Differential Cells in Plasmodium Berghei-infected Albino Mice
    (Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-06-21) Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Enemali, M.O.; Achimugu, I.I.; Isah, R.; Miftahu, M.
    The current study evaluated the hematological changes in albino mice following infection with P. berghei and treatment with sodium bicarbonate; an alkaline substance intended to alkalinize the pH in the parasite environment. Twenty albino mice were randomly divided into five groups of four mice each. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were the test groups and administered 84mg/kg b.w of sodium bicarbonate injection once, twice and thrice respectively. Groups 1 received dH20, group 2; only P. berghei. Three days later, hematological parameters and differential cells were analyzed. PCV was significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups 2(32.00±0.70), 3(34.00±0.70), 4(34.00±0.70), 5(33.00±0.70) compared to control (35.00±0.70). Haemoglobin decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 5 (11.00±0.70) compared to control (11.80±0.70). WBC showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the test groups; 2(3600.00±70.71), 3(4600.00±70.71), 4(4800.00±70.71), 5 (4800.00±70.71) compared to control (3200.00±70.71). Platelets decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test groups; 2(90.00±.70), 3(87.00±.70), 4(84.00±.70), 5(86.00±.70) compared to control (92.00±.70). The percentage neutrophils was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 2(61.00±0.70), significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups 3(58.00±0.70), 4(57.00±0.70), 5(57.00±0.70) compared to control (60.00±0.70). Leucocytes increased significantly (p<0.05) in groups 2(36.00±0.70), 3(38.00±0.70), 4(38.00±0.70), 5(40.0±0.70) compared to control (32.00±0.70). Monocyte was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the test groups; 2(2.00±0.07), 3(2.00±0.07), 4(2.00±0.10) and 5(1.00±0.89) compared to control (4.00±0.07). Eosinophils decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2(1.00±0.35), increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4(3.00±0.70) compared to control (2.00±0.70). Basophils were not detected in neither of the groups. This study revealed that sodium bicarbonate administered to albino mice infected with P. berghei caused the elevation of some hematological parameters and differential cells.
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    Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Citrullus lanatus (Water Melon) Fruit-Parts Extracts on the Liver of Acetaminophen-Intoxicated Albino Rats
    (Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-10-29) Enemali, M.O.; Asogwa, M.E.; Nweze, C.C.; Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Ijeomah, A.U.
    There is always the need to study the bioactive components present in the various parts of edible fruits. This will go a long way to providing an idea of its potential biological benefits when consumed. The current study evaluated the protective effect of C. lanatus fruit’s endocarp/exocarp, mesocarp and seed extracts on the liver of albino rats. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was also done following standard methods. The albino rats were divided into nine groups of five per group and treated thus; group 1 (normal control), group 2, Acetaminophen (2 g/kg), group 3, 200 mg/kg silymarin + 2 g/kg Acetaminophen, group 4, 200 mg/kg mesocarp + 2 g/kg Acetaminophen, group 5, 400 mg/kg, group 6, 200 mg/kg exocarp, group 7, 400 mg/kg exocarp, group 8, 200 mg/kg seeds, group 9, 400 mg/kg seeds. The pre-treatment with the extracts lasted for 14 days then acetaminophen administered. The rats were sacrificed after 48 hours of intoxication. Results showed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, Tannins, steroids and terpenoids and glycosides while saponins and flavonoids were not detected in the endocarp. In the mesocarp, glycosides, phenolics, steroids and terpenoids and tannins were present while Saponins and flavonoids were not detected. Seed extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids and terpenoids. Glycosides and saponins were not detected. The activities of AST, ALT and ALP were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in group 2 (55.80 ± 3.11, 20.80 ± .84 and 27.00 ± 1.22 respectively) when compared to the normal control group (group 1) (32.00 ± 2.12, 9.00 ± 1.00 and 19.80 ± 4.49 respectively). The administration of the extracts (group 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) led to a significant decrease in the serum activities of AST (51.40 ± 1.14, 48.60 ± 7.57, 39.20 ± 1.79, 48.00 ± 1.73, 51.00 ± 0.00 and 47.00 ± 2.74) and ALT (10.20 ± 1.30, 11.20 ± 1.30, 17.20 ± 2.77, 20.00 ± 0.71, 17.60 ± 0.55 and 18.20 ± 1.64) when compared with the acetaminophen group (group 2). Photomicrograph images showed normal liver morphology in the control groups 1 and 3, 200 mg/kg mesocarp and 400 mg/kg seed extract administered groups, indicating that the two extract doses better protected the liver against damage occasioned by acetaminophen
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    IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO CHANGES.IN DIFFERENT ’ ANTIOXIDANT DIETARY INTERVENTION ON STAFF OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI
    (Department of Zoology, Nasarawa State, University Keffi, 2017-03-03) Nweze, C.C.; Solomon, M.; Andrew, Yako B.; Enemali, M.O.; Ijeomah,A.U.
    Effect of antioxidant functional foods and nutraceuticals on malortdkldehyde (MBA) level, cytotoxic clusters . of differentiation antigen 4 (CD4) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) in male and female individuals were studied-. for six months. The volunteers included a total of 150 healthy adults of 96 men and‘54 women aged between 30 and 74 years. They were made ursign an informed consent form, questioner and unethical approval was gotten;* *' At the baseline, eligible candidates were randomized to either 1 capsule per day of antioxidant! nutraceutical (Forever living product) (containing vitamin E 10 mg, vitamin C 60mg and (i- carotene 2000 nieg of vitamin • A, or cheap affordable indigenous antioxidant functional foods of equivalent vitamin composition of orang&s,’. carrots, and soybean or bottled w.ater, and the first dose was dispensed and followed up for six months. There was a positive decrease in MDA. and IgM values and a positive increase in CD4 counts after antioxidant dietary intervention. However, a lower concentration of MDA, and higher level of IgM and CD4 in men than in female at some age ranges was observed. The study showed that the indigenous antioxidant functional foods could be used as an alternative to the expensive imported antioxidant nutraceuticais in boosting.immunity and therefore suggest such for immune- compromised individuals especially in developing countries like Nigeria. • 0 ;
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    The In vivo Trend Analysis of Kidney Function Indices and Lipid Profile of Albino Rats Administered Palm-Wine
    (Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2021-03-22) Haruna, Sunday Gambo; Enemali, M.O.; Asogwa, O.B.; Sani, M.H.; James, B.A.
    The present study evaluated the dynamics of kidney function indices and lipid profile of albino rats after administration of palm-wine to them. The fresh palm-wine was collected from a local palm-wine tapper on daily basis and divided in to two portions. The first portion was labelled “Fresh palmwine” and administered (15 ml/kg) to group 2 and (30 ml/kg) to group 4, the second portion was allowed to ferment for additional ten hours and labelled “prolonged-fermented palm-wine” and administered (15 ml/kg) to group 3 and (30 ml/kg) to group 5. Group one served as the control and received distilled water, all for 28 days. Each group was randomly allocated four rats. Results (mmol/ml) revealed a significantly(p<0.05) lower concentration of urea (10.21±0.40), higher creatinine (0.37±0.17), K+ (4.06±0.06) and Cl- (86.12±4.61) in group 2 when compared to the control; 11.035±.110, 0.395±0.06, 3.945±.064, 80.090±0.25 respectively. In group 3, the concentrations of urea (11.70±0.35), creatinine (0.42±0.12) and Cl- (88.57±0.50) were significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared to the control. Na+ (120.09±10.40) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 4 when compared to the control (100.065±0.75). TAG (in mg/dL) (2.18±0.10) was significantly(p<0.05) higher in group 2 compared to control (1.96±0.023). T. cholesterol (3.125±0.27) and LDL-C (1.64±0.47) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in group 3 compared to the control; 1.99±0.052, respectively with significantly(p<0.05) elevated HDL (1.11±0.22) compared to control (0.840±0.092). TAG (2.190±0.25) and HDL-C (1.15±0.23) increased significantly(p<0.05) while LDL-C (1.58±0.14) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 compared to control; 1.960±0.023, 0.840±0.092, 1.985±0.052 respectively. T. cholesterol (2.93±0.08) and LDLC (1.56±0.03) decreased significantly(p<0.05) with significant(p<0.05) increase in HDL-C (0.99±0.10) in group 5 compared to the control. Fresh and prolonged-fermented palm-wine may adversely affect kidney function indices and lipid profile.