Browsing by Author "Dauda, Samson Yusuf"

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    Analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable for some fiber plants in Northern Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-25) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; George, Olawale Adedoyin; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
    Increasing demand for transmission capacity due to digital revolution is causing an increasing demand for optical fiber systems. However, as bit-error-rate (BER) increases the fiber optic cable signal quality becomes degraded, causing signal delays, jitters, poor quality of service, packet loss, link outage, etc. In this study, the analysis of loss levels in a single mode fiber optic cable was carried out using the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), network monitoring system (NMS) and CACTI (V 1.1.38). Various OTDR traces were carried out to determine the loss levels in the fiber cores. Similarly, using the NMS, the actual link losses were calculated and compared with the loss budget to derive the link loss margin of the links; with a benchmark loss margin of 5 dB, high and low loss levels were determined. Lastly, bandwidth utilization was carried out using network graphical solution software (CACTI, V 1.1.38). The results show that, from the OTDR traces, 60% of the tested fiber cores had high losses at the spliced joints, whereas the analysis of the NMS shows 41.7% high losses. The bandwidth utilization analysis shows a reduction in fiber link availability by 8.3%. This work has revealed the different loss levels in the tested fiber cores with high loses leading to increase in BER which negatively impacts the optimum usability of a link. Therefore, maintaining a low and within-budget loss level is very essential for efficient signal transmission and optimization of the fiber optic cable for both manufacturers and the end users.
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    Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Nurses in a Specialist Hospital towards Ionizing Radiation at Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-02) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Umar, Ibrahim; Tarfa, Faruk Usman; Mundi, Abubakar Abdullahi
    The effect of ionizing radiation on occupational workers is increasing at an alarming rate due to inadequate knowledge and attitude of workers. Despite this, little research has been done on the knowledge and attitude of Nigerian nurses towards radiation protection and practice. In this study, the knowledge and attitude of Nurses towards Ionizing radiation was carried out at Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, using a self-structured questionnaire. The systematic sampling technique was used to collect 30 usable responses, corresponding to 75 percent response rate that was used for the analysis. The result shows that, even though the nurses are not well educated and have just an average knowledge of radiation and its effects, they are found to show a positive (right) attitude towards ionizing radiation during theatre and ward radiography. Educational level and years of experience were found to have a significant impact on their attitude towards radiation. However, their low level of education could prove fatal if proper measures are not in place. Hospital management should embark on educational intervention programs, seminars and symposium for the nurses to improve their professional skills and knowledge for good radiation protection practices.
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    Assessment of the Knowledge and Attitude to Radiation Safety Standards of the Radiological Staff in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-09) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Umar, Ibrahim; Bukar, Idris Abba; Mustapha, Mohammed Idris
    Radiation protection and safety has been a major concern of many national and international bodies because of the potential hazardous effects associated with ionizing radiation if not properly controlled. However, no much research has been done on the compliance of Radiographers to radiation safety standards in Nigeria. In this study, we access and evaluate the level of compliance of the radiological staff in Damaturu, Yobe State using a self-structured questionnaire. The simple random sampling technique was used to collect 25 valid responses from radiographers, radiologist, technicians and other staff, corresponding to 92.86% response rate. Results show that even though the radiographers show high compliance rate to radiation safety standards, majority of the workers do not have thyroid shields and monitoring devices and since the total number of exposures given during radiography is usually not recorded, it means they are over exposing themselves as well as the patients to radiation which is not a good safety measure. However, hospital management should focus attention on providing continuous professional development programs and quality assurance programs so as to maintain good processing of X-ray films for good quality radiographs as this will reduce repeated exposures. Provision of monitoring devices and thyroid shields are of great importance.
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    Comparative Analysis of Savitzky-Golay and Butterworth Filters for Electrocardiogram De- Noising Using Daubechies Wavelets
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-19) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Maduakola, Chinomso Francis; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Lumbi, Lucas Williams
    Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a wealth of information and remains an essential part of the assessment of cardiac patients. However, noise distortions associated with the signal could lead to wrong interpretation and diagnosis. Aim: To carry out an extensive comparative analysis of Savitzky-Golay (S-G) and Butterworth filters for ECG de-noising using Daubechies wavelets in a MATLAB version 2015a. Methodology: Noisy ECG signals downloaded from physionet.org under MIT-BIH arrhythmia database were de-noised using S-G and Butterworth filters displayed in both time and frequency domains. A quantitative evaluation was done to assess the performance of the filters for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR). The results of SNR for this work are compared with the results of other researches with other methods. Results: Experimental result for de-noising with Butterworth filter shows abnormal spiky waves in time domain quite unusual in morphology of the original waves and in the frequency domain creates image signals which are indications of noise and baseline drift. While S-G filter maintains the signal power constant and only tries to decrease the noise power with peak preservation. Performance analysis for SNR, MSE and SIR using Butterworth filter gives mean values of 1.63 dB, 0.2036 and 0.259 dB, while that of S-G filter gives 32.78 dB, 0.0001 and 1852.358 dB respectively. Discussion: Significant reduction of noise by S-G filter and retaining the ECG signal morphology effectively as compared to Butterworth filter is an evident that S-G filter delivers better performance results as compared to Butterworth filter in terms of noise separation, artifacts and baseline drifts. Conclusion: The importance of ECG de-noising filters and the criteria for their selection must be clearly understood by hospital managements and cardiac health centers for good quality ECG in diagnosis and therapy for cardiac diseases.
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    Global Solar Irradiance over Keffi Town and its Environs, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-01) Mamman, Andah; Ibrahim, Umar; Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Musa, Bilya Abubakar; Ma'aji, U.M.
    The need to model energy generation has been on the increased, because of the rising needs of the power for use by large and small scale users. In this study, the assessment of global solar irradiance over Keffi and its environs, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was determined. A simple random sampling technique was used to select twelve locations in Keffi and its environs, Nasarawa State Nigeria for the measurement of global solar irradiance. Three 12V, 5W solar panels were used and a measurement interval of three hour daily (12.00pm to 3.00pm) was made using the Secondary Standard Pyranometer placed on the top of the panels. The continuity in the assembled system was measured using an Avometer. A model based on Angstrom-Prescott Regression Equation: ���� = ��0 [�� + �� ( �� �� )]was developed to calculate the solar irradiance for Keffi and its environs. The regression constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ were obtained to be 0.58 and 0.002 respectively by simple arithmetic. The highest value of the measured monthly average daily global solar radiation value was observed in the month of February (26.07 MJ/m2) while the lowest value was observed in the month of August (12.63 MJ/m2) with an average value of 19.24 MJ/m2. The extraterrestrial solar radiation was found to range from 24.43 MJ/m2 in December to 53.60 MJ/m2 MJ/m2 in February with average value of 37.97MJ/m2. The developed model can be used to predict solar radiation in Keffi and its environs, Nasarawa State
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    Structural Shielding Evaluation: A Case Study of the Radiography Room of a Rural Hospital in Jos, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-12-12) Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Lumbi, Lucas Williams; Umar, Ibrahim; Loko, A.Z.; Mundi, Abubakar Abdullahi
    Introduction: Most Nigerian rural hospitals constructed before the publication of the 2005 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No. 147 did not undergo a performance assessment at the time of construction. To avoid overexposure to ionizing radiation and to ensure adequate protection of patients, workers, and the public, the shielding barriers need to be evaluated to ascertain that they conform to this standard. Methods: This study evaluates the shielding barriers for the general radiography room in a rural hospital in Jos, Nigeria. The workload information, generator voltage waveform, anode material, filtration, and anode angle with XRAYBARR calculation model were used to estimate the thickness of lead, concrete, gypsum, steel, plate glass, and wood required to shield the X-ray facility installed in the hospital. The design dose limit was compared to the estimated shielded dose, and the calculated shielded barrier thickness to the design shielded barrier thickness was also compared. Results: The unshielded radiation doses inside the X-ray room were high, indicating that the radiological department of the study area is not minimizing radiation doses to patients. The calculated doses beyond the barriers were greater than the design dose limit, indicating that the shielded barriers in place were not adequate and did not comply with the international standard. Discussion: Hospitals must understand the type of shielding materials that can provide adequate protection and to what extent they can protect their radiography rooms. Management and radiation protection agencies need to ascertain whether these barriers are still adequate or require reinforcement through regular quality assurance testing. Due to an increase in workload associated with an increase in population and urbanization, proper policies are needed more than ever in this and other rural hospitals in Nigeria. Conclusion: The tested X-ray rooms did not comply with international recommendations for shielding thickness. Except for the door, console, and changing room, a 0.5 mm-thick lead reinforcement is required. It is also recommended that quality assurance testing occur on an annual basis.
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    Variation of Solar Radiation in Akwanga, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
    (Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-06-05) Mamman, Adah; Ibrahim, Umar; Dauda, Samson Yusuf; Mustapha, Mohammed Yusuf; Paul, Bartholomew
    One of the major environmental problem is the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate. In this study, the variation of solar radiation for Akwanga zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria were determined. Twelve locations were carefully selected where there is no sunshine and wind obstruction. Three 12V, 5W Solar panels (poly) were used and a three-hour daily measurement interval (12.00 pm to 3.00 pm) was made using the Secondary Standard Pyranometer placed on the top of the panels. Angstrom-Prescott Regression Equation was used to estimate the output. The continuity in the assembled system was measured using an Avometer. The result revealed that the highest monthly average daily global solar radiation was observed in the month of April (25.2 MJ/m2) followed by June (22.94 MJ/m2), and march (22.42 MJ/m2), while the lowest was observed in the month of August (12.04 MJ/m2) followed by July (13.57 MJ/m2), and September (14.26 MJ/m2) in the locations selected. The solar radiation intensity was found to range from 156.44 W/m2 to 293.84 W/m2 with the mean value of 220.04 W/m2. The highest total global solar radiation value of 25.2MJ/m2 was observed in April while the lowest value of 12.04 MJ/m2 was observed in October. The extraterrestrial solar radiation were found to range from 16.72 MJ/m2 in March to 29.90 MJ/m2 in April with average value of 22.89MJ/m2. The atmospheric transmission coefficient over the year is found to range from 0.5 in July and October to 1.3 in June and October. The investigation reveal that there is bright sun shine in the study area which confirms high atmospheric transmission coefficient or clearness index throughout the year in this study.