Browsing by Author "Danmalam, U.H."

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    Isolation and Phytochemical Characterization of Bioactive Constituents from the Seeds of Garcinia kola, Heckel (Clusiaceae)
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-11-21) Zakariya, A.M.; Danmalam, U.H.; Nuhu, A.; Sallau, A.B.; Shehu, S.; Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Ibrahim, G.
    Aim: This study was carried out with the aim of isolating and identifying the bioactive constituents of the ethyl acetate extract from G. kola seeds that was a strong inhibitor of α-glucosidase using FT-IR and GC-MS techniques. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria between October – December 2014. Methodology: n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared gradient wise in a soxhlet apparatus at 50ºC. Column chromatographic analysis was carried out on the ethyl acetate extract. The isolate was purified and the structure elucidated by Fourier Transformed Infra Red spectroscopy and Mass Spectrophotometry. Results: Column chromatographic analyses and purification of column fraction B of the ethyl acetate extract lead to the isolation of ZAAK. Fourier Transformed-Infra Red spectra revealed the presence of carboxylic acid and an ester in ZAAK. Gas Chromatography revealed three major peaks with retention times at 17.99 min, 20.83 min and 21.08 min, thus suggesting that ZAAK is a mixture of three compounds and were subsequently labeled ZAAK1, ZAAK2, and ZAAK3. The mass spectra identified ZAAK1 ZAAK2 and ZAAK3 as 1-pentadecanecarboxylic acid, (Z)-11-Octadecenoic acid and octadecanoic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl ester respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of column chromatography and spectroscopy, ZAAK was identified as a mixture of fatty acids and fatty acid ester
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    Phytochemical Study and Antibacterial Properties of the Leaf Extracts of Swartzia madagascariensis Desv (Fabaceae)
    (Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2015-11-27) Muhammad, Hassan Sani; Ibrahim, Garba; Danmalam, U.H.; Muhammad, Ali Zakariya; Kachalla, Muhammad
    This study evaluated the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of the hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of Swartzia madagascariensis Desv (Fabaceae). Ethno-medicinally, the leaves are used in the treatment of cutaneous wounds, diarrhoea, malnutrition, inflammations and scabies among others. The phytochemical screening using standard methods, revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpenes and steroids. The antibacterial activities of extracts (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml) of S. madagascariensis were tested against three Gram-positive—Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Corynebacterium ulcerans; one Gram-negative—Escherichia coli pathogens. The activity was determined using well diffusion method with zones of inhibition ranges of 17-18 mm for hexane, 24- 27 mm for ethyl acetate and 21-22 mm for ethanol extracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined using 0.5 scale Mc-farland’s turbidity standard. The extracts at 20 mg/ml (hexane), 5-10 mg/ml (ethyl acetate) and10 mg/ml (ethanol) inhibited the growth of the isolates. It also gives Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations ranging from 40 mg/ml (hexane extract), 20 mg/ml (ethyl acetate) and 40 mg/ml (ethanol extract). Zone of inhibitions of extracts were compared to that of standard antibacterial drug, ciprofloxacin (32-37 mm). The results from this study support the traditional use of the leaves of S. madagascariensis in the treatment of bacterial infections