NSUK Repository :: Browsing by Author "Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed"

Browsing by Author "Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed"

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Open Access
Analysis of Organizational Reform and Effectiveness in Nigeria's NDLEA
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2020-02-11) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Open Access
Assessing Environment and Sexual Behaviour of Internally Displaced Persons in Benue State, Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2022-03-15) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Philip, Orlaade Abughul
The world continues to witness an increasing number of internally displaced populations as a result of internal conflicts. Nigeria has been witnessing ethnic, religious, farmers- pastoralist conflicts, sustained terrorist and bandits' attacks, and natural disasters. Benue state has suffered attacks by armed Fulani herders since the return to democracy in 1999. The conflict has led to the displacement of communities, households, families, individuals and entire villages. The displaced persons are settled in makeshift internally displacement camps that are congested and environmentally poor in Makurdi, the state capital and the affected local government areas. Studies are mostly skewed toward the social, economic and security well-being of displaced persons. This study assesses the environment and sexual behaviour of internally displaced persons in Benue State with a focus on teenagers between 10 and 19 years. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires and key informants interview guides from respondents and some key informants who were selected using a multistage sampling technique. The data were analyzed using correlation statistics and content analysis to show the relationship between environment and sexual behaviour of the displaced persons, the extent to which displaced teenagers are involved in sexual activities, their contraceptive awareness and uptake, and the relationship between environment and risky sexual behaviour. The study concludes that the environment (especially IDP camps) plays a key role in shaping the sexual behaviour of displaced teenagers. Thus, the adoption of comprehensive sex education by government officials in the camp to ensure safe sex among the IDPs is recommended.
Open Access
Assessing the Trends and Implications of Youth Migration in Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2019-05-20) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Zango, Tijani Nazir
Migration of people from one place to another is not a recent phenomenon. However, the bourgeoning rate of young migrants is what continues to be the trend in this 21s1 Century and attracts a considerable global attention of governments and policy makers. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs reported that young migrants aged 15-24 represents 28.2 million (12 per cent) of the total migrant population in 2013 alone. This study examines the Trends and implications of youth migration in Nigeria; it also examines international migration among Nigerians. The sources of data involve utilization of secondary data which include journal articles, Books, ..conferences and policy reports by International Organization for Migration, International Labour Organisation, media reports, and relevant academic papers. The paper finds that poor socioeconomic conditions in the rural communities occasioned by urban bias policies of government are some of the factors identified as Trends of youth migration. More so, continues conflicts and economic down turn was contributed to youth international migration to Europe, America and other countries. The implications include reduction of agricultural output, increase on criminality in the urban areas and receiving countries of Nigerian migrants. The paper recommends that Government should redirect its development policies towards rural development by putting in place basic social amenities that will improve the living standard of the rural dwellers, create job opportunities for the youth and equal opportunities in the Governance.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF FADAMA III PROGRAMME ON FOOD SECURITY IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA.
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2019-04-21) Onuche, Uche Innocent; Francis, Ojonugwa Onu; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
There have been heated debates on the effectiveness of foreign aid like FADAMA III programme on the well-being of the beneficiaries. Most of the studies established a positive relationship between foreign aid like FADAMA III project and development using economic indicators like: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), and per capita income. None of these studies used development indicators like: food security and poverty among others. This study examines the effects of FADAMA III programme on food security in Apa Local Government Area of Benue state. The study adopted survey design and purposive sampling procedure to select seven (7) informants from Apa Local Government Area. Key Informant Interview (Kll) was the instrument used to collect information from the key informants and analyzed non numerically. The study found that, training constitutes the major activities of the FADAMA III programme, targeting poverty, unemployment reduction and food security. The study equally found that, most of the beneficiaries are still within the moderate and low threshold in their condition of living: and therefore concluded that, FADAMA /// programme did not eradicate and reduced to the barest minimum cases of food msecunty and poverty in Apa Local Government Area of Benue State. The study of scope of subsequent FADAMA III assistance programme in terms of training and coverage to enableit ameliorates the challenges of food insecurity in Apa Local Government Area Benue State, Nigeria.
Open Access
Assessment of Organizational Reform and Effectiveness in the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2019-12-31) Igube, R.B.; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Since Nigeria's return to democratic governance in 1999, governments at Federal and State levels has been reforming the civil service, agencies and the economy as a whole. The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency undergone reforms in the year 2000 in order to make it efficient and effective. The agency before the reforms had weak structures, corrupt and adjudged being ineffective to the extent that it was decertified by the United Nations and other countries the agency is collaborating with. It also lack adequate funding as well as accountability. The study investigated the relationship between organizational reforms and effectiveness of Agency. Survey research design was adopted and a sample size of 1,008 staff drawn from the population of 3,405 staff of the agency. Stratified sampling technique was used and questionnaire was administered on these categories of staff sampled; top level management staff, senior officers and junior officers. Simple percentages were used and regression statistics was employed to test the relationship between organizational reforms and effectiveness, through reform proxies, such as statutory allocation, number of command, drug seizure/arrest and conviction. It is found that the reforms provided an elaborate administrative structure with clearly spelt responsibilities. It also gave the agency direction, high degree of authority relationship between the leaders and the subordinates and changed the perception of the public and international community from inept to an effective organization. In conclusion, the reforms brought out the best from Agency; carefully harnessed human characteristics of the workers, as well as directing their efforts through purposeful leadership. The study recommended that NDLEA should use flexible, decentralized structure rather than centralized structure. Furthermore, the agency should devise ways to allow the workers to monitor and measure their own performance. The agency should be adequately funded, trained by international collaborators to aid the gains of the reform.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF THE I IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CASHLESS POLICY FOR THE SECURITY OF MONEY AND INVESTMENT IN NIGERIA.
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2021-09-16) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Yakubu, Shehu Ibrahim
This study assessed (he implementation of the CBN cashless policy on security of money and investment in Nigeria. The move to use electronic cash system has its own challenges, which in Nigeria. This is as a result of inadequate physical and social infrastructure. The introduction of the cashless policy through the Central bank of Nigeria, therefore throws up questions that bother on issues such as security of public fund and investments and the general problem of safety pertaining movement of money from one area to another. Therefore, this study assessed the implementation of Federal government of Nigeria cashless policy has promotes the security of money and investment in Nigeria. Identifying the measures taken by the CBN to ensure the security of money and investment in a cashless-based economy like Nigeria. The study adopted the survey research design. Questionnaires were administered; out of the total population of 1090 of the beneficiaries of the Cashless policy in suleja local government, 109 were selected as the sample size which is approximately 10% of the entire population, data collected were analyzed using mean and frequency tables and the Ch i-Square formula was used to test the hypotheses. Findings of this study has reveals that the Federal government cashless policy has a positive effects on security of money and investment. The study concludes that for the period under study there was inadequate facilities to enable the policy to be fully implemented tike ATM machines, POS terminals, internet facilities, power, trained personnel, mobile money devices etc.It recommended that much needed to he done in terms of deliberate effort toward the deployment of biometric data capturing machines and the use of superior internet security software for ensuring that hackers and fraudsters are easily identified and intercepted.
Open Access
Assessment of the Implications of Conflicts Between Herdsmen and Farmers in North Central Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2021-05-25) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Dikko, Tahir Bala; Abdullahi, Sallau Modibbo
Herdsmen and farmers conflict in Nigeria have mainly involved disputes over resources. This conflict has been more devastating in the North Central states of Benue, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau and Kogi since the return of democracy in 1999. However, recently it has spread to other parts of the country. It has deteriorated into terror attacks on farmers and innocent citizens by Fulani Herdsmen. The conflict has in recent years has taken more dangerous dimensions as the herdsmen now carry sophisticated weapons with which they kill and maim perceived opponents at will. This paper examined the implications of herdsmen-farmers conflicts in North Central Nigeria. Secondary sources of data were utilized which include books, journals, conference and workshop reports, internal and international sources. It was descriptive. This paper found that the conflicts have resulted insecurity, loss of lives and property, displacement of people, fear and distrust against government. It was also found that the clashes created food insecurity and unemployment. The paper recommended that State governments should designate grazing fields for the nomadic herdsmen which should include water points and vaccinations for the livestock, and make them pay tax to the respective governments in the region. The government should provide fields for cultivation of grasses as well as revisit the created grazing reserves of 1965. The grazing reserve should have schools for the nomads' children, while traditional conflict mechanism through the respective traditional rulers should be strengthened by the north central governments.
Open Access
Assessment of Trans-Border Crime on Security of Borderland Communities in Benue State, Nigeria.
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2021-11-17) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Zakari, Tso Andrew
This study is an assessment of trans-border crime on security of borderlands communities in Benue State, Nigeria. In the past two decades the maintenance of National security in Nigeria has been a cause for concern, especially with the rising cases of violence and unrest that entails the use of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and an unprecedented rise in the number of casualties. One of the reasons for this development is the smuggling and proliferation ofSALW to the border communities. This has heightened the scale of violent crime and communal conflicts in the Benue Valley and in particular the borderland communities along the Nigeria/Cameroun boundary in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State. Hence the study adopted the relative deprivation theory. To this extent the study applied the survey method in collecting data and the data for this study was collated through primary and secondary sources. The finding of this study established that Trans-border crime has a significant impact on the security of borderlands communities in Benue State. The study recommends that to mitigate this crime in these communities the government should design developmental policies that will deliberately include social intervention initiatives aimed at empowering the people of these communities and dissuade them from crime. Also robust security architecture along the Nigeria/Cameroun border, mutual cooperation and harmonization of border control policies and regional and international protocols on SALW will stem the tide of this crime.
Open Access
Assessment of Women Utilization of Some Primary Healthcare Centres In Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi., 2022-03-22) Ogidi, Ambrose Woyengiemi; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
In most developing countries of the world women regularly utilize healthcare services at the primary level. This is borne out of their biological nature and the roles they play. The paper seeks to assess women utilization of three selected primary healthcare centres located in Gidan-Zakara, Mararaba and Masaka, in Karu local government Area of Nasarawa State. The paper equally examines the state of healthcare facilities women in the three primary healthcare centre studied. The paper adopted descriptive survey for the research design. A sampled population of 276 women between 15 to 49 years was randomly selected from the three study locations. The study captured respondents in the lower and middle strata of the society. It was revealed that easy accessibility to healthcare centres, availability of drugs, were some of the factors for women regular utilization of primary healthcare services in the study locations. The paper recommends the need for government to construct more primary health centres in Karu Local Government. It also recommends that government should employ more qualified and experienced health personnel, so as to meet the growing number of women who regularly utilize primary healthcare centres in the study area.
Open Access
Democracy and Descent of Security in Nigeria's Fourth Republic
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2014-06-25) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Democracy was restored in the Nigeria's polity in 1999 after decades of military dictatorship. Before then, the debate in the 1990s was how to prevent and destroy the military dictatorship. Democracy was always advanced as the only sure way to destroy such regimes because democratic regimes are characterized by the rule of law, multi parties, free and fair elections and security and stability of the nation. But since the enthronement of this democratic governance, Nigeria has witnessed several security treats internally. These security threats include agitation for resource control, ethno-religious conflicts, political violence due to election frauds, resulting in massive killings of innocent citizens and destruction of properties particularly in the northern zones and the southsouth which threatens the existence of the country. This paper examines the causes and consequences of security descent in Nigeria's fourth republic. The paper utilized data from secondary source such as articles from journals, conferences, seminars and workshop reports, government reports and international sources. The paper found that the descent of security in Nigeria is as result of electoral fraud since 1999- 2011, marginalization of various groups, regions, individuals and religion by the rulers, lack of adherence to rule of law, equity and fairness in governance and prevalence of poverty due to bad governance and corruption. More so, there is scramble for political power by the political elites. The paper recommended rapid economic development, restoration of energy to empower the masses. There should be political and social re-orientation of politicians and the masses on elections matters, political parties to encourage internal democracy and discourage attitude of winner takes all. The authority should uphold rule of law and accountability as well as cater for the needs of the security agencies. The religious, traditional institutions should be strengthened and be out of control of the ruling party.
Open Access
Drugs and Drug Control in Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2015-02-23) Udo, Chikezie Osisiogu; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Open Access
Effect of Trans - Border Crime on Governance and Human Security in Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2020-08-28) Zakari, Tso Andrew; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Trans- border crime is a new security phenomenon that no country in the world is free from. It poses a significant and growing challenge to both national and international security, with adverse effect on public safety\ democratic institutions and economic growth and stability. This crime gained ascendency after the end of the cold war and the advent of globalization through advancement in communication and transport technology. Trans border crime which includes Arms Smuggling, drug trafficking, human trafficking, amongst others breeds other domestic crimes such armed robbery, kidnapping for ransoms, electoral violence and subversion of electoral process and internecine conflict. Therefore this paper seeks to ascertain the effect ofthis global existential challenge referred to as trans-border crime on governance and human security in Nigeria. The data for this paper was collated through the review of relevant secondary sources. It equally adopted the securitization theory in establishing a pathway for the paper. The findings of this study established that Trans-border crime has significant effect on governance, which in turn impedes on the human security.This development therefore, has direct challenge to the well-being of a people and the ability of the state to perform its fundamental roles.Based on the findings the study recommends a multilayer and multilateral approach to mitigate its menace, along with strengthening of government institutions by cubing corruption and promoting social intervention schemes especially in the frontier communities in Nigeria.
Open Access
The Effect of Urbanization on the Living Condition of Mpape Residents in Bwari Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-07-05) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Onuche, Uche Innocent
Urbanization in the 21st century has resulted in the rapid growth of cities globally and in particular in Nigeria. The rapid growth of Nigerian cities has seriously outstripped the capacity of most cities to provide and maintain adequate basic services to their residents. Abuja has been experiencing increasing concentration of people in the suburbs, such as Mpape in Bwari Area Council without a corresponding infrastructural provision and maintenance of existing ones. This has resulted in undue pressure on the existing infrastructure and challenges on urban environment and residents living condition. This study examines the effect of urbanization on the living condition of Mpape residents in Abuja. The study adopted survey design and purposive sampling procedure to select its subjects from Mpape. In-depth-interview was conducted for informants. It was descriptively analyzed. Findings from the study show that housing and social infrastructure like road network, healthcare facilities among others, are grossly inadequate and lacking, while the available ones are in deplorable and pathetic state. The sanitary condition of the area is deplorable, typical of a slum settlement. The study concluded that urbanization and population growth led to uncontrolled and unplanned settlements in urban area of Abuja with serious effect on the environment and the living condition of residents. The study recommended that the government both at the local and federal level should enforce proper planning and development control policy in the area and effectively implement infrastructural development to ameliorate the challenges confronting the area as a result of urbanization and population growth.
Open Access
Effect of Work Ethics on Attitude to Work in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2022-09-12) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Abdullahi, Bashir Idris
Effective work ethics in any organization requires the knowledge of the nature of ethical dilemmas that are peculiar to the organization. Within the university system, several ethical dilemmas exist which hinge on unethical benaviuor that could affect attitude to work among staff. This study examined the effect of work ethics and attitude to work in Nasarawa state university, Keffi. Survey design was employed and a population of 291 respondents were sampled and stratified into teaching and non-teaching staff. Data were collected using questionnaires and Key Informant Interview. Secondary data from Journals, books, conference reports and documents from the university were also reviewed. The data were analyzed using simple statistics with the aid of SPSS version 20 showing frequencies and percentages, while Correlation statistic was used to test relationships among variables. The KII responses transcribed and described. The study found that the ethical codes utilized in Nasarawa state university does not affect workers' attitude to work. Also found that the university ethical codes have very positive impact on the 'workers’ attitude to work. The study recommends ethical reorientation; whistle-blowing, quality assurance and Servicom and university wide anti-corruption campaigns for effective institutionalization of work ethics. List consequences for unethical behaviours and should be placed alongside rules at strategic places in the University. Also recommends that swift disciplinary action should be taken for unprofessional conducts and should not be accommodated and irrespective of who breaks the rules and regulations of the University.
Open Access
The Effects of Climate Change on the Herdsmen and Farmers Relationship in the North-Central Nigeria
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2019-10-20) Akinwumi, Olayemi; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Lagi, Theophilus D.
Climate change and Farmers- Fulani herdsmen conflict is of concern to governments and has generated serious scholarly attention in Nigeria. Statistics has shown that Nigeria has 22 million cows that consume about 1 billion gallons of water per day and 500 million kilograms of grass and forage crops. Desertification and drought caused by climate change in the far north coupled with the intensification of the Boko Haram crisis has caused Fulani herdsmen to abandon their foraging fields in the north east resulting in the migration southwards by the cattle herders. The increased southward movement of the Fulani herdsmen led to conflicts with local communities resulting to loss of life and property; seriously affected inter-group relations and corporate existence of the country. This paper examines the effect of climate change and the crisis in North Central Nigeria, and the increasing conflicts between host farming communities and Fulani herdsmen and its impact on inter-group relations in North Central Nigeria. The paper relied on data from secondary sources such as books, journals, conference papers, reports from national sources and international organizations and it is basically descriptive. The paper finds that climate change is a serious threat to the socio-economic activities of the Fulani herdsmen in Northern Nigeria. Furthermore, the Fulani herdsmen are forced to migrate to other states with favourable climatic conditions. They are viewed as threats and this lead to conflicts between the host communities and the Fulani herdsmen leading to loss of lives and properties and serious effect on intergroup relations. The paper recommends the creation of large acres of ranches across the country which should be allotted to the Fulani herdsmen; the government should sensitize and educate the host communities and the Fulani herdsmen on the need for ranching and peaceful co-habitation and national integration.
Open Access
ETHNICITY AND QUEST FOR POWER IN NIGERIA'S DEMOCRACY: CHALLENGES TO PATRIOTISM AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2015-06-19) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Nigeria is a country with diverse ethnic groups of up to about 300 to 370 and a population of more than 170 million people today. Nigeria, with a flourishing democratic governance spanning fifteen years remains the most lucrative avenue for fanning embers of ethnicity in the struggle for power and politics both at the lowest and highest positions. The state is thrown up in intense competition by political office seekers and holders. This is orchestrated by interethnic group rivalry, unpatriotic utterances and accusations by party stalwarts and leaders on one ethnic group or another. This intense competition by the ethnic groups for state power continues to threaten national integration and the survival of the democratic process. The paper examines influence of ethnicity in the struggle for political power in Nigeria's democracy from 2011 - date, and its effect on patriotism and national integration. The paper uses data from secondary sources such as journals, books, national and international reports, magazines, conference and seminar reports and government reports, and it is basically descriptive. The paper found that the new democratic leaders in Nigeria deliberately encourage ethnicity and ethnic identity in their struggle for power. It is also found that political leaders encourage ethnic militias and militant organizations in their struggle to maintain power and resources, and jeopardize national integration. The Nigerian democratic governance is found to be wasteful, unproductive and contribute pains and misery for the greater majority of people, while it contributes to the increasing affluence of the relative few along ethnic lines. This paper concludes that the modus operandi of Nigerian democracy is geared towards politicizing ethnic, religious and linguistic differences which makes the Nigerian polity a simmering cauldron of un-resolved tension and threat to national integration. The paper recommends the need for recourse to true democratic ideals and the need to reverse the influence of long years of military rule. The politicians should encourage good governance, equity and justice, as well as provide level playing grounds for political office seekers in the local government, state and national level. Both the political parties and other institutions of governance, should promote ideas that will strengthen national integration and patriotism to the state and the country at large.
Open Access
The Evolution of Nigerian Culture
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2016-11-30) Bahal, Margaret K.; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Open Access
Examination of Economic Community of West African States Security Mechanism and Maritime Insecurity in West Africa
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2021-03-26) Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed; Abdourahmane, Dieng
Economic Community of West African States (ECO WAS) established in 1975 as a platform for accelerating the pace of economic development of West African states has grappled with several insecurity issues for the past four decades. Originally pre-occupied with market-driven objectives that emphasized trade liberalization, ECOWAS has been confronted with resolving the myriad of security challenges such as piracy, terrorism and oil theft that confront the subregion. It has also focused its resources on regional security cooperation through security mechanisms to curtail insecurity in West African states. The paper examined ECOWAS security mechanism and maritime insecurity in West Africa, regional security cooperation through the Protocol relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security adopted in December 1999 and the ECOWAS Integrated Maritime Security strategy. The paper utilized secondary data from existing literature from Journals, Workshop reports, ECOWAS reports on security cooperation and regional integration. The data analysis is basically descriptive. The paper found that although the Protocols hold lots of promise based on its emphasis on operational mechanisms such as early warning systems and the institutionalization of good governance, the lack of political commitment by leaders in West Africa coupled with poor implementation among others, could scuttle the benign promise of the Protocol. The paper recommends that to enable an effectual implementation of the Protocol and for that matter, a formidable security profile of West African states. Emphasis should be on good governance and political commitment towards a safe West African maritime domain within the sub region.
Open Access
Extended Family Relationships and Expectations of the Aged In Nigeria Society
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2016-12-12) Ogidi, Ambrose Woyengiemi; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
The 21s1 century has witnessed a major transformation on the significance role the extended family plays in Nigeria and other African societies. This is borne out of the changes that have occurred within the larger family network and the weakening kinship ties among members. The paper examines the expectations of the aced in their relation to other family members, with particular reference to their chil en contemporary Nigeria society. In Nigeria traditionally, children are expected to provide moral and financial support to aged parents; these are in the areas of regular financial assistance to aged parents, provision of medical and emotional support times of ill-health, and regular visit of children to parents among others. The paper however identifies , children are expected to give their aged parents in Nigeria society. Among factors are; geographical distance and separation of children from parents, the in orientation of children on the emotional and psychological attachment to aged parents and the growing preference for nuclear family arrangement among many young urban dwellers.
Open Access
Feminisation Of Poverty An Impediment To Entrepreneurial Spirit Among Nigerian Women
(Department of Sociology, Nasarawa State University Keffi., 2017-12-24) Lagi, Theophilus D.; Bilyaminu, Suleiman Muhammed
Women low participation as entrepreneurs from their male counterparts in is associated with cultural, religious and patriarchal constrains. This trend is prominent in Nigeria, economically some feminist perceive women's marginality in the conduct of managing businesses as arising from their entrenchment to the globalised capitalist production relation. A relation, that ensures that majority of Nigerian women are peasants and housewives. Women are suppose to make significant contribution in terms of wealth creation through small scale businesses, farming and other extra means of wealth creation, but all that is considered as part of women's domestic role. An assessment of the “feminization of poverty” in Nigeria is attributed to three contributing factors that have been underscored and dampens the entrepreneurial spirit among women; (1) the growth of female-headed households, (2) intra-household inequalities and bias against women and girls, and (3) neoliberal economic policies, including structural adjustments. The growing visibility of women's poverty, it is argued, is rooted in these demographic trends,