Browsing by Author "Ayanwale, B.A."

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    Carcass traits, intestinal morphology and cooking yield of broilers fed different fermented soyabean meal based diets
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-12-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.; Olatunji, E.A.
    This study was conducted to compare the effects of different fermentation methods of soyabeans on carcass traits, intestinal morphology and cooking yield of broilers using 240 day-old Anak broilers that were allocated into 4 treatments of 3 replicates as thus: Soyabeans fermentation with lactobacillus as control group T1, Cooking and fermenting T2, Daddawa fermentationT3 and Cooking with potash before ferment T4 based groups. Five birds were selected from each group and fasted for 8 h prior to carcass evaluation. Live and plucked weights did not vary significantly (P>0.05) among processed broilers, significant (P<0.05) differences were recorded in the eviscerated weight. Other cut-up parts that vary significantly (P<0.05) include neck, breast, thighs, drumstick and back while head, wing and shank did not vary significantly (P>0.05). There were significant (P<0.05) variations in intestinal weight and organs like lungs, liver and gizzard, while heart, kidney, spleen and abdominal fat deposition showed no significant variation (P>0.05) between treatment. Variations in gastro-intestinal measurements did not follow any particular trend. Cooking yield was significantly (P<0.05) affected by treatment. Cook and ferment a simple solid state fermentation process has the potentials of producing best percentages of the fleshy parts, better meat/bone and cooking yield of broiler meat.
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    Effect of Different Fermentation Methods on Growth Indices and Serum Profile Of Broiler Chickens
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-01-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.; Olatunji, E.A.
    This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different fermentation methods of soyabeans on growth and serum indices using 240 days-old Anak broilers that were randomly divided into four (4) experimental groups of three replicates each. Dietary treatments were as follows: T1, T2, T3 and T4 representing lactobacillus (control), Cooking and fermenting, Daddawa fermentation and Cooking with potash before fermentation based groups at both starter and finisher phases and fed starter (1- 35 d) and finisher (36- 63 d ) diets. T2, T3 and T4 significantly (P <0.05) increased SGR and GE when compared to T1 at the starter phase. FCR, PER and EER were significantly affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Variations in serum profile were significant (P>0.5) except cholesterol. This suggest that fermentation processes provides effective mechanism for the improvement in growth indices, PER, EER and reduction in serum cholesterol in broilers.
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    EFFECTS OF ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYABEAN ON CARCASS TRAITS, INTESTINAL MORPHOLOGY AND COOKING YIELD OF BROILERS
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2013-01-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Ogah, D.M.
    The effects of different alkali treatment of soyabeans on carcass traits, intestinal morphology and cooking yield of broilers was evaluated using 240 Anak broilers day-old chicks that were allocated into four (4) treatments of three (3) replicates as thus: Soaking in water (H20)- T1, sodium carbonate(Na2CO3) –T2, potash (K2CO3) –T3 and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) -T4 based groups. Five birds were selected from each group and fasted for 8 h prior to carcass evaluation. Plucked weight percentage did not vary significantly (P>0.05) among processed broilers, but significant (P<0.05) differences were recorded in the eviscerated weights. Neck, breast and primal cut-up parts varied significantly (P<0.05). No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in the values for head, wing and shank. Intestinal weight and organs like lungs, liver, gizzard, heart, kidney spleen and abdominal fat deposition significantly (P<0.05) varied. Cooking yield was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in 1% NaOH. The best percentages for the fleshy primal cuts parts and the meat/bone ratio were 9.20% of breast in 1% Potash; 5.20% of thighs and 4.93% of drumstick all recorded in 1% Potash group and so also 4.35 ratio of meat to bone was recorded in 1% K2CO3. Alkaline treatment of soyabeans with 1% K2CO3is recommended for improved carcass yield in broilers.
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    Effects of diets containing alkali-treated Soybeans on performance traits, nutrient digestibility and cost benefits of broiler chickens
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-12-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.; Olatunji, E.A.
    The effects of diets containing different alkali-treated soybeans on performance traits, nutrient digestibility and cost implication of broiler chickens was evaluated using 240 day-old Anak broiler chickens that were randomly divided into four (4) experimental groups of three replicates each. The soybeans were treated in alkali as follows: soaked in water as T1 (control), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as T2, Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as (T3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as T4. The alkali-treated soybeans were incorporated into the diets at both starter and finisher phases using a completely randomized design. There were significant (P<0.05) variations in performance parameters, nutrient retention and bio-economic implication indices measured. The use of potassium carbonate (1% K2CO3) and sodium carbonate (1% Na2CO3) in the processing of soybean recorded greater improvement in the performance traits, nutrient retention and economic returns. These factors accounted for the overall best performance recorded in 1% K2CO3 - treated soybeans which was closely followed by 1% Na2CO3 treated soybean base diets.
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    Effects of Different Fermentation Methods on the Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Profile and Some Antinutritional Factors (ANFs) In Soyabeans (Glycine Max)
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-03-06) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.; Olatunji, E.A.
    This study evaluated the effect of controlled fermentation by lactobacillus (T1) and three uncontrolled fermentation methods; cooking and ferment (T2), daddawa (T3) and cook with potash and ferment (T) on the chemical composition, amino acid profile, anti nutritional factors (ANFs) and protein quality factors of soyabeans (Glycine max). Dry matter (DM) percentage ranged from 89.57 to 93.77% while crude protein(CP) percentage ranged from 32.91% to 40.35%. Crude fibre (CF) values ranged from 94% to 17.22%. Ether extract (EE) highest value was obtained in cooked and fermented soyabeans while the least (9.32%) was obtained in lactobacillus fermented soyabeans. Total ash percentages ranged from 2.64 to 6.33% while NFE percentages ranged from 20.13 to 39.04%. Ca and P percentage values were high (0.51 and 0.29%) in daddawa and cook with potash and ferment groups respectively. Amino acid (g/100g protein) showed values for lysine ranging from 3.99 to 5.60, while cystine had values ranging from 0.88 to 1.12. Methionine value were highest (1.34 and 1.16) in lactobacillus, cooking and ferment while daddawa gave the least (0.70) and values for phenylalanine ranged from 3.06 to 4.26. Drastic reduction in trypsin inhibitor activity was observed due to treatment effects. Reduction of phytic acid was however highest with daddawa (66.99%) and closely followed (63.19%) in lactobacillus. Urease assay values ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 (ΔpH) and lactobacillus treatment gave highest protein solubility index of 84.85%. Phytic acid and Protein Solubility Index (PSI), correlation between treatment effect and PSI were significant and so also Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA) and reduction in TIA . Cooking and fermentation was observed to improve the nutrient quality of soyabeans and reduced ANFs to a safe level in comparison with other fermentation methods while protein quality was preserved through controlled fermentation by lactobacillus.
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    Evaluation of different processing methods of soya beans (Glycine max) on its nutritive value and the performance of broilers: A qualitative selection approach for extension
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-05-26) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.
    Several trials has been conducted by poultry nutritionist in evaluating effects of soybean processing on its nutritive value and the performance of broilers without clearly declaring the best processing method to be adopted by farmers that will give them on the average a cumulative best result output. A qualitative selection approach was thus adopted in the evaluation of different processing methods of soya beans (Glycerine max) on its nutritive value and the performance of broilers using published results from the same authors who conducted an experiment using four thermal processing methods (extrusion, cooking, toasting and roasting -dry heating); four fermentation processing methods (fermentation with culture organisms, cooking and fermentation, daddawa, cooking and fermentation + carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide -NaOH) A quantitative evaluation of both nutritive values and performance of experimental birds were undertaken as basis for selection of best means from each processing method after the selected best from each of the processing methods were compared to select the overall best. Cooking, cook and ferment and 1% potassium carbonate respectively emerged as the representative best for thermal, fermentation and alkaline processing. The comparative evaluation of the representative best processing methods showed that cook and ferment from fermentation group was the overall best. This processing method showed the best potentials for essential nutrients preservation, better performance of broilers and greater economic returns on investment. This confirmed the superiority of fermentation process in increasing the viability of soya beans utilization in broiler feeds resulting from microbial organisms activities.
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    Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Anti Nutritional Factors(ANFs) Levels of Different Thermally Processed Soybeans
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-12-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.; Olatunji, E.A.
    Chemical composition, amino acid profile, anti nutritional factors (ANFs) and protein quality factors of different thermally (extrusion, cooking, toasting and roasting) processed soybeans (Glycine max) for broiler diets were evaluated in this study. Dry Matter (DM) percentage ranged from 79.00 to 91.25% while Crude Protein (CP) percentage ranged from 12.51 to 28.34%. Crude Fibre (CF) values were highest with toasting (28.34) while cooking gave the lowest value (12.51). Ether Extract (EE) highest value was obtained in cooked soybeans (19.50%) while the least (9.72%) was obtained in extruded soybeans. Total ash percentages ranged from 4.27 to 4.46% while NFE percentage ranged from 13.75 to 26.31%. Ca and P percentage values were high (1.08 and 0.33%) in roasted and extruded respectively. Amino acid profiles (g/100 g protein) values for lysine ranged from 2.40 to 5.1, while cystine had values ranging from 0.64 to 0.88. Methionine value were highest (1.02 and 1.14) in cooking and roasting and least in extrusion (0.52) while phyenylalanine values ranged from 3.06 to 4.26. Reduction due to treatment was observed in Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA) and phytic acid and cooking methods was highest for TIA (85%), extruded soybeans (60.59%), toasted and roasted soybeans were similar (52.44% and 53.75%). Reduction in phytic acid was highest with roasted soybean (71.7%), followed by 70.73% in cooked soybeans, toasted soybean was least (48.12%). Urease assay values ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 (ApH) and cooked soybean had highest protein solubility index of 83.40%. Phytic acid and Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA), phytic acid and percentage reduction in TIA, Protein Solubility Index (PSI) and phytic acid, TIA and percentage reduction in TIA were correlated. Protein quality and TIA inactivation was more preserved and effective with cooking method.
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    Nutrient Composition, Amino Acids Profile and Anti Nutritional Factors of Alkali Treated Soya Bean (Glycine max)
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-12-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.; Adama, T.Z.; Olatunji, E.A.
    This study evaluates the nutrient composition, amino acids profile and anti nutritional factors of alkali treated soya bean for poultry feeds using sodium carbonate, potash, sodium hydroxide and compared with soaking in water. Alkaline treatment effect was observed in Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fibre (CF), Ether Extract (EE), total ash, Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE), Ca and P. Similarly amino acid profiles (g/100 g protein) of the test soyabean varied with different alkaline treatments. Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA) and phytic acid were inactivated by the different alkali salts. Anti-nutritional factors, protein quality assessors were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with alkali treatment. Preservation of protein quality of soyabeans and the inactivation of anti-nutritional factors in soyabeans for poultry feeds. Treatment was observed to be better with 1% potash.
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    Nutrient Retention and Serum Profile of Broilers Fed Fermented African Locust Beans (Parkia filicoide)
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2012-12-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.
    Although the African Locust bean (Parkia filicoide) tree is widely distributed in Northern Nigeria, its application as an alternative replacement of conventional plant protein source in poultry feeds has not gained significant prominence. This study evaluates the inclusion level of fermented African locust bean seeds in broiler diets. One hundred and twenty Lohman broilers day old chicks were randomly divided into six experimental groups of two replicates each were used in a 9 weeks feeding trial to evaluate percentage of nutrients retained and serum indices of broilers. Dietary treatments were as follows: Tl, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 representing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of groundnut cake replacement with fermented African locust bean seeds and 100% unfermented African locust beans. Treatment effects was significant (p<0.05) in the percentage of nitrogen, lipids, total ash, calcium and phosphorus retained. Crude fibre retention was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by experimental treatment. Treatment effect was significant (p<0.05) with fermented African locust bean seeds based groups giving better nitrogen, lipids and phosphorus retention with T5 showing best values. Nitrogen retention is positively (p<0.05) correlated with total serum protein, cholesterol, Hb/PCV and feed treatment (p<0.01); while crude fibre retention is negatively (p<0.05) correlated with all serum indices and treatment. Percentage retention of lipids is positively (p<0.05) correlated with total serum protein and cholesterol and so also with Hb/PCV and FALB inclusion at (p<0.01). Digestible ash is negatively (p<0.01) correlated with total serum protein and also negatively (p<0.01) correlated other serum indices and fermented African locust bean seeds inclusion at (p<0.05). Fermentation of African locust beans improved nutrient retention at both Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) and portal system and availability for tissue synthesis.
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    Serum Profile and Growth Indices of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Alkaline Treated Soyabeans
    (Department of Animal science,Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2014-12-01) Ari, Maikano Mohammed; Ayanwale, B.A.
    The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of diets containing alkali treated soyabeans on serum profile and growth indices of broiler chickens using 240 days-old Anak broilers that were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of three replicates each. Test soyabeans seeds were treatment by soaking in water, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Potassium carbonate (K^COg) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) prior to incorporation into the diets; these forms experimental diets DI, D2, D3 and D4. Significant (p<0.05) variations in the serum and blood parameters measured were observed, highest mean values recorded were in DI for urea, creatine and hemoglobin while cholesterol had the highest value in D3. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in the packed cell volume of the treatment groups. Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Growth Efficiency (GE) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by alkali treatment at both the starter and finisher phases. Similarly, Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) were significantly affected by dietary treatments (p>0.05) at both the starter and finisher phases. D3 showed better serum profile and growth indices in this study.