Faculty of Social Sciences

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AGRICULTURAL REFORMS AND THE CHALLENGES OF FOOD SECURITY IN NASARAWA STATE NIGERIA, 1999-2015
(Political Science Department, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, 2019-05-01) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul
One cardinal aim of every government is to improve the living standard of its citizens through the reduction of food insecurity to its bearest minimum. It is against this background that this research work set out to examine and evaluate the performance of the agricultural reform policy as a tool to reduce the menace of food insecurity in Nasarawa state. The key objective of the research is to examine the impact of Agricultural Reform Programmes on the challenges of food Security in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The method utilized for this investigation is basically survey method. Data were generated from questionnaires and interviews, and they were also analyze using qualitative and quantitative methods, while elite theory of welfare and state outcome was adopted for the analysis. The findings revealed that the inputs distribution, food preservations and storage facilities, these result have been sustainable that the government efforts aimed at addressing food security issues have yielded some positive results. However, owing largely to rapid growth in population and ineffectiveness and poor management of the input distribution, which the study suggests the need to improve the food preservation and storage facilities, inputs distribution, in order to reduce the problem of food scarcity on the target population in Nasarawa state. In specific terms, government must pay attention to providing the sector with more modern farming implements and techniques to enable it yield more in quantity and quality. Also, subsidies should be granted to farmers particularly in the areas of crop production for the sustenance of food crop production.
Open Access
Assessing the Efficiency of Leadership Training in Organization: Probing the Trend from Economic and Financial Crime Commission
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-03-11) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Maiwada, Muktar; Maiwada, Abubakar Atiku
This paper made an attempt to assess the efficiency of training on leadership in an organization using the EFCC as a case study. The paper observed that training and leadership are sine-qua non to organizational growth and development Effective and efficient leadership in every organization is attained via qualitative training programmes. The paper adopts quantitative-descriptive method of data collection and analysis from the various scholars. Therefore, the paper also was conceptual in nature and findings reveals that EFCC has an established framework called *EFCC Academy' that is saddle with the mandate of coordinating all trainings of the organization. The paper also revealed that EFCC are doing enough to train its staff in order to prepare them for leadership positions and to cope with myriads of challenges associated sensitive job such as that of EFCC. The paper conclude that EFCC must continue to make concerted efforts towards training its staff and that the capacity to achieve its mandate is very much practicable only that It must rise above any form of undue political interference in order to meet up with international best practices. This paper therefore recommends that EFCC should maintain the standard of its training modalities so as cope with global standard as well as coping with the challenges of fighting corruption in Nigeria
Open Access
AN ASSESSMENT OF SERVICE DELIVERY IN KEFFI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University keffi, 2018-09-09) Muhammad, Bello Baban'umma; Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Maiwada, Muktar
This study is aimed at assessing service delivery in Keffi Local Government Area, of Nasarawa State with the view to providing solutions to the challenges of effective. The problem of the study is that experience in Nasarawa state has shown that people at the grassroots have suffered age-long neglect from the Local Government administration and also the inability of Local Government Authorities to deliver services in areas of provision of socio-economic facilities and Agricultural extension service.. The effects are that the people wallow in extreme poverty, hunger and disease. The paper adopts quantitative-descriptive method of data collection and analysis from the various scholars. Also the paper adopts service delivery theory as theoretical framework. It is against this problem that the paper attempts to x-ray the role of Local Government in Providing Service Delivery in Keffi Local Government Area of Nasaraiva State muF recommends: that Concerted efforts should be made by Nasaraiva State Government and Keffi Locar Government authorities in the provision of basic socio-economic facilities to members of their community in order to ease their suffering and improve their standard of living. Agriculture is a very important sector of the economy that cannot be neglected by any responsible government. The local authorities im Nasarawa state and Keffi L.G.A should focus more in the delivery of service in the Agriculture extension service. Service delivery at the local government level is for the people at the grassroots, there is in need tcm involve them in government programmes and actions always.
Open Access
BOKO-HARAM TERRORISM AND INSECURITY IN NIGERIA’S NORTH-EAST REGION: RE-INVENTING POLICY STRATEGIES FOR DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATIONS
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-11-11) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul
This paper examines how the characterisation of Nigeria as a failed state, has impacted in making the country breeding ground of terrorism. Specifically the paper highlights the conditions necessitating the emeigence and persistence of Boko- Haram terrorist sect. The paper relies on secondary data sourced from books, journals articles and reports of periodicals and employed descriptive analysis to establish the trend. Findings show thatfeatures of a failed state as articulated in the paper are present in Nigeria. The paper concludes that thesefactors create the conditionfor terrorism to thrieve in Nigeria and consequently threaten the socio-economic stability for terrorism to thrive in Nigeria and consequently threaten the socio-economic stability ofthe country and to an extent the globe. This paper recommends that to deal with these challenges, tlye Nigerian state need to re-examine its character so as to address the issues that give rise to acts of terrorism as well as restrategise on how to provide the needs of the vast majority of the citizens. Consequently, the study recommends that government should intensify its counter terrorism fight against the insurgents, upgrade the equipment of the military and other security agencies to effectively and decisively defeat the insurgency, embark on an aggressive enlightenment and reorientation campaign to mobilise the citizenry in support of the armedforces campaign against the terrorists, collaborate with the international community in the fight against Boko-Haram, programmatically create new employment opportunities forjobless youths, impose stiffen penalties on terrorists, and concertedly work towards the eradication of poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
Open Access
The Causes and Consequences of Farmers - Herders Conflict in Benue State, Nigeria
(Department Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2020-08-08) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Aliyu, Tala Safiyanu
Farmers - Herders conflict has been a recurrent problem yearning for permanent solution in Nigeria. It’s a conflict between the herdsmen and the indigenous farmers over the use of land resources. This conflict have not just persisted but also manifested into bloodletting confrontations not only in Benue state alone, but, in different parts of the country partly because of the inability of the federal government to bring it to a halt. This paper examined the causes and consequences of farmers - herders’ conflict in Benue state Nigeria. Frustration-Aggression theory was employed and it argued that frustration results from the competition from limited land. The study employed case study research design to interrogate into the phenomenon of farmers - herders conflicts and secondary sources were relied upon. Relevant information was generated from existing literature on the topic from books, journals, newspapers and the internet. The data was content analyzed. The study found that farmers - herders’ conflicts are not caused by a single reason but are propelled by multi-causal factors, such as limited resources in the face of greater need, reprisal attack, and shortage of land as well as climate change among others. The study also found that farmers - herders’ conflicts have disintegrative effect in Benue state and on the country. The study concluded that farmers-herdsmen conflicts are inimical to the unity of the country. In the light of the findings, the paper thereby recommended among other things: the establishment of Farmer - Herder Conflict Resolution Committee made up of statesmen and women, religious leaders, traditional/community leaders and other stakeholders to advance a panacea for the ravaging conflict that have bedeviled the country.
Open Access
CHALLENGES OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-12-12) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Maiwada, Muktar
The Spate of attack in Nigeria north east geo political zone by the Book-Haram has been and concern to scholars and public commentators alike. Terrorist attacks in many soft targets such as markets, public institution of government and indeed most places of worship and security formations have left devastating impact in no small measure. The emerging attacks have essentially brought about high rate of displacement destitution rape disease pandemics increase in crime rates rising corrupt practical's among IDP camps. This study is a theoretical exploration of the correlation between terrorism and insecurity. The study relied on similarly works and feature of seasoned scholars in the broader field of terrorism intruding for the investigation. The study find out/ seem up with strategy (counter-terrorism) which olive any option for democratic sustenance/consolidation in the 2 V* century and beyond, therefore, the study recommend, that the government of Nigeria should partner with the international community in addressing the Boko Haram insurgency. Terrorism is a global phenomenon; therefore, it is advisable that it should also be addressed through global collaboration.
Open Access
Cultural Beliefs and the Challenges of Women Participation in Nigerian Politics
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-01-07) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Muhammad, Bello Baban'umma; Ibrahim, Aminu
This paper interrogates the implication of the cultural beliefs that men are naturally superior to women which enhances the chances of male domination over female. To achieve this, secondary sources of data were used and cultural theory o; politics was use as a theoretical underpinning to investigate,,ine root causes of the issue. The paper found that patriarchy and ideological belief that women are inferior has no justification and goes contrary to reality. In general, it is obvious from the study that, adequate women political participation cannot be realized only through targeted projects, affirmative action and enactment of discrimination laws that seek to place women in leadership positions. Women political empowerment must not be reduced to measuring the number of women in the legislature or the ministerial appointment. But the society must uncover the hidden biases and practices that limit women's ability to enjoy equal rights and opportunities as well as find the most culturally appropriate means to support women's capacities to drive social change in the society. The paper recommends that real change may not be possible without a change in the cultural and structural formation of a society. This change, to a larger extent, could be achieved through the practice of effective communication which is a tool for conscientization and radical social action.
Open Access
Cultural Beliefs and the Challenges of Women Political Participation in Nigeria
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2019-01-09) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Muhammad, Bello Baban'umma; Ibrahim, Aminu
'ibis paper interrogates the implication of the cultural beliefs that men arc naturally superior to women which enhances the chances of male domination over female: To achieve this, secondary sources of data were used and cultural theory of politics was use as a theoretical underpinning to investigate the root causes of the issue. The paper found out that patriarchy and ideological belief that women are inferior has no justification and goes contrary to reality. In general, it is obvious from the study that, adequate women political participation cannot be realized only through targeted projects, affirmative action and enactment of discrimination laws that seek to place women in leadership positions. Women political empowerment must not be reduced to measuring the number of women in the legislature or the ministerial appointment. But the society must uncover the hidden biases and practices that limit women’s ability to enjoy equal rights and opportunities as well as find the most culturally appropriate means to support women’s capacities to drive social change in the society. The paper recommends that Real change may not be possible without a change in the cultural and structural formation of a society. 'Ibis change, to a larger extent, could be achieved through the practice of effective communication which is a tool for conscicntization and radical social action.
Open Access
Drugs and Drugs Abuse in Nigeria: Youth and Adolescents Obsession
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-03-10) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Muhammad, Bello Baban'umma; Maiwada, Muktar
Drug abuse remains the major risk behaviour among youth and adolescents, with physical and mental health snags. Despite the known risks, drugs abuse is a risk factor associated with adolescents continue using these drugs. This paper reveals the prevalence of drug abuse among adolescent's youth in Nigeria, problems associated with drugs abuse and reasons why adolescents are vulnerable to drugs abuse. The paper used secondary method of data collection. Therefore, the study fine out that drug abuse causes a lot of risk among the adolescents; it results to gang formation, armed robbery, mental illness and cultism. Studies revealed that most of the drug addicts started smoking from their young age. As they grow older, they seek new thrills and gradually go into hard drugs. There was an indication that 65 percent of high school students used drugs to have good time, 54 percent wanted to experiment to see what it is like, 20-40 percent used it to alter their moods. The study therefore, recommend that Parents should sincerely re-orient their children on the dangers of drug abuse on their health and others, since charity, they say begin at home. National Drug Law Enforcement Agency must also intensify their anti-drug campaigns in order to have a drug free society with a special focus on the youth's and adolescents. The Ministry of Education (Federal and State) must add to their curricular a Drug-Education for both the primary and post primary schools, along with lectures, seminars, rallies, and film shows for the youth's and adolescents on the adverse effects of drug abuse.
Open Access
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT: CONSOLIDATING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMES) AS AN EFFECTIVE POLICY MEASURE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUSTENANCE IN NIGERIA
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2017-06-06) Erunke, Canice Esidence; Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul
iTnh tS anC* P.ub^c commentaries making round in Nigeria currently economy h 1Pcreas!nS economic challenges is how to reactivate the ailing reinvipnrat- .^e hanking on the non-oil sectors. This move to continim .£e.r*an chequered nation-state is underscored by the dramahV t-f . ePr(;ciation of the national economy owing largely to the To mn^ >1-St andt.urns in the price of crude oil at the international market, has beenC[\r,cs and indeed economic experts, the falling prices of oil which eovpm r^1£eria s economic mainstay has had devastating consequences on econnnv 6nt i3nC* *ts PeoP^e generally. The result of this kind of internal nieet thIC me t"c^own *s so much so that it has become increasingly difficult to child n 6 everyday challenges such as reduction of poverty, crime control, res e rnainntrition payment of workers' salaries, among others. This inst-n rC^ s^hmits that entrepreneurship development using the orofn ^ smah and medium scale enterprises as a base will u- unaiy jump-start the spiraling economy back to life. The argument ^es on fact that over 80% of the people are found in the informal sector re .e,nt:rePfeneurship potentials can be properly tapped and harnessed, out ffntlca *ssue therefore is that the current moves by government to bail inf S!tates the federation from economic crunch if extended to the wider formal sector could be a veritable instrument for the consolidation and urvival of the nation's economy in no small way. The paper sums up with occlusion and policy framework to the effect that government and all t 3 vpj1 °^ders m the nation-building project should give particular attention to skills development at the horizontal and vertical levels if the nation must survive the present challenges currently being experienced.
Open Access
FOOD AND HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN NASARAWA STATE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State Unversity Keffi, 2019-01-01) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Asobie, A.H.; Yahaya, Abdullahi Adadu
The study identified factors militating against the achievement of household food security amongst various households in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The paper utilized both the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data relied on questionnaires. Structured questionnaires were administered to 340 households which constitute the sample size of the study. The elite theoiy was used as a theoretical underpinning for the study. Factor analysis was used to isolate and name the critical factors influencing the attainment of household food security in Nasarawa state. Findings revealed that economic, governance, institutional and technological constraints hindered the achievement of household food security in the study area. While the economic factors included climatic change and variability shortage of farm labour, limited access to farm land; the institutional factors were poor market access, weak support services, poor nutrition education and poor sanitation. The governance factors included political problems, rapid population growth rate and low crop yield, while the technological factors include inadequacy and lack of access to improved agricultural inputs and lack ofaccess to labour saving deduces. Despite efforts at attaining householdfood security in Nasarawa state, Food security is still a mirage. Therefore, governments at the local and state levels should design and implement short term and long term programmes in agriculture value chain to boost food production and productivity to enhance family income for improved household food security
Open Access
FOOD SECURITY AND EFFECTIVE FOOD STORAGE IN NIGERIA: THE PLACE OF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-12-12) Asobie, A.H.; Yahaya, Abdullahi Adadu; Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul
The paper discusses the importance of agriculture to a people, its economy and its place of achieving food security for nations, Nigeria inclusive. Furthermore, it talked about food security insecurity and its indices. It delved into prospects for increased agriculture production and how this can be achieved. Again, it discussed efforts that have been put in place by past Nigeria governments at meeting food need of Nigerians and making the country food secured. I, maintained that food shortages in Nigeria are due not, primarily to underproduction but agreed that more crops should be grown to meet production shortfall. The study adopt secondary source of data, and also the proper indicted that lack of adequate postharvest practices as the chief bane of food security in Nigeria and posits that more should be done to see that food are adequate stored after they are produced to nip wastages and scarcity in the bud. Finally, it recommended that public policy maker must as a matter of urgency see food as component of welfarism, and as such develop sufficient political will to achieve (i) increased food production; (ii) evolve food policy and (iii) eventually attain food security for all. And also agricultural support programmes, projects and research institutes that have Nigerian Stored Products been put in place spurred towards sleeping up production and do even much more at storage.
Open Access
Impact of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) on Health Service Delivery in Nigeria
(Department of Political, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2022-12-12) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Ibrahim, Aminu; Maiwada, Muktar; Waibe, Ahmadu Ejim
The desire to provide efficient and effective Health care delivery system has always prompted the Nigerian Government to review its health policies. One of such policies is the establishment of a Health Insurance Scheme, a framework for the provision of affordable and efficient Health care system in the country. This was informed by the awful performance in the Health Sector manifesting in severe shortage of qualified personnel, drugs and other health infrastructures. It became apparent that government alone could no longerfund the health system, hence recourse to alternative funding mechanisms, leading to the emergence of a health insurance scheme in the country. This paper examines the health insurance scheme in Nigeria and also quantitative-descriptive method of data collection and analysis from the various scholars was used. The paper further recommends that the scheme should be expanded to ensure that basic health needs of all citizens, irrespective of their social class and status is met. There is therefore the need for a legislation to make the scheme compulsory for all Nigerians. In furtherance of this, a community health insurance scheme should be put in place for implementation by all the three tiers of government- Federal, State and Local governments, as well as Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and Community-based organizations (CBOs). Its further reform with a view to meeting its set objectives of providing qualitative and accessible health care delivery system
Open Access
Impacts of Insecurity on Human Development in Nigeria
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-11-11) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Maiwada, Muktar; Tanko, Abdullahi
Insecurity has been a major challenge to Human Development in Nigerian today, because Human development is a factor which every Nation may desire so as to move forward. The activities of the Islamic sect (Boko Haram) had led to loss of lives and properties in the country especially in the Northern part of Nigeria. Some of these activities include bombing, sporadic shooting of unarmed and innocent citizens, burning of police stations, churches, kidnapping of Chibok and Dapchi school girls and women, e.t.c. Kidnapping, rape, armed robbery, murder, destruction of oil facilities by Niger Delta militants alongside the attacks carried out by Fulani Herdsmen on some communities in Benue, Nasarawa, Taraba and other part of North East and Southern part of the country, the above statement has necessitates a revival and reinforcement of the nation economy growth which can be done through human resource development. Insecurity is caused sometimes by poor socioeconomic culture, political, religious and educational institutions. Therefore the paper concerns itself with the discussion on the impact of insecurity on human development in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that the government should create job opportunities to reduce youth restiveness thereby reducing poverty, the redevelopment of Nigeria's educational curriculum include entrepreneurship to reduce over dependence of Nigerian graduates on government jobs so that they should be self-employed after graduation, the paper finally concluded that inadequate economic growth is the main cause of insecurity and poor human development in the Country.
Open Access
THE POLITICS OF PRIVATIZATION POLICIES IN NIGERIA: SOME REFLECTIONS
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-03-16) Ayo, Mbumega; Edache, Ikaraku E.; Haruna, Maikudi; Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul
Open Access
PUBLIC POLICY PROCESSES IN NIGERIA
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State Univrsity Keffi, 2018-06-05) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Erunke, Canice Esidence
The overall process that can be adopted to bring about societal development and continuity lies at the heart of policy governance. The paper examinee/ the whole process of policy making and implementation in societies and identified fundamental problems of policy making in societies wherein citizen’s inputs are hardly integrated into the processes of policy governance, thus making if difficult for the realization of policy objectives. The paper is theoretical exposition of policy processes and how effective policies and further deepen democratic stability. The process of policy making is complex and it is characterized by bargaining, negotiations, compromises and choice making in the midst of diverse alternatives. It is goal-oriented and hence laddened with critical alternative paradigms and has the tendency to ensure that desired individual or group interest is integrated into the governance process. This notion becomes very important for the smooth running of the political systems and how much citizens can support the system is contingent on the level of benefit they derive from the policies in question.
Open Access
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2018-12-12) Maiwada, Muktar; Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Muktar, Ahmed Keffi
Public enterprises are mainly government owned business organization charged with the responsibility of providing service that are of public interest. One of the motivating factors for establishing public enterprises in Nigeria is to facilitate social and economic development in sectors that are not considered expedient for private sector investment by foreign and local investors. It is believed that the role of Nigerian public enterprises were compromised in many instances leading to inefficient utilization of resources by public enterprises coupled with heavy dependent on the national treasury for financial operations and their activities characterized by mismanagement of funds and operations, endemic corruption, misuse of monopoly power and bureaucratic suffocation from supervisory ministries and its inability to enhance the social and economic well-being of the people which no doubt placed government under tremendous pressure to initiate various economic reforms with privatization as one of such reform programme as panacea to public enterprises quagmire. The paper adopts quantitative-descriptive method of data collection and analysis from the various scholars. It is against this problem that the paper attempts to x-ray the role of public enterprises within the premise of economic and social development and recommends that Public Corporation should be more productive and efficient, there is need for government to be more transparent and cautious in the exercise so as to avoid exploiting the masses by some few capitalists, and also they should be detached from the civil services, the workers of Public Enterprises should be provided with more incentives like their counterpart in the private sector, lastly, Government should also make more funds available to public corporations to enable them procure necessary equipment and spare-parts.
Open Access
THE ROLE OF SECURITY AGENCIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE PROCESS IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL
(Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, 2016-03-03) Muhammad, Bello Baban'umma; Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul
Nigeria as a plural political state has witnessed manifold conflicts which has threatened its continued existence and present its characteristics as a country with negative peace, insecurity and frail political order. The resultant effect is that Nigeria's democracy remains blossoming and its unity being challenged by obdurate threats to lives and property. In the midst of these unforeseen circumstances, the security agencies have been severally called upon to pro-actively nip the threat to peace and consolidate the gains of democratic governance. This paper therefore, examines the role of the security agencies in the management of conflict and the promotion of peace processes in Nigeria. The effort made by security agencies in the management of the dynamics of conflicts and the obvious challenges to the sector were also captured. The conceptual clarification provides the needed literary focus for the study. The various dimensions of conflicts in Nigeria from 1999 to 2015 as well as the extent to which the resultant social order promotes peace processes were evaluated. The study concluded with policy options for the effectiveness of the security agencies in managing conflicts and sustaining peace processes through appropriate reform processes.
Open Access
STATE-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF 2003 DARFUR CONFLICTS ON DARFURLANS
(Department of Political, 2021-03-01) Abdullahi, Mohammed Abdul; Maiwada, Muktar
The backing of the Janjaweed by the government of Omar al-Bashir against the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and Justice and Equity Movement further changed the character of Darfur conflict by moving it entirely from struggle over resource distribution to ethnic conflict The aim of the paper is to analyze the effects of 2003 Darfur conflict on the security of the people of Darfur, Data for the paper was collected from textbooks, journals, and internet materials and analyzed using narrative-analytic method, Johan Galtungfs ABC triable was used in the understanding of the dynamics and impacts of Darfur conflict on the wellbeing of the people. It was found that the emergence of deteriorating economy in 2012 and 2013brought about intensified fighting between diverse Arab tribes over land as well as resources in the Central, North and South Darfur. Nearly 300,000 people were displaced within the first five months of 2013 only, the figure which outweighs the number recorded from 2010 to 2012. About 200,000 refugees fled the region to neighbouring Chad alone. Also, about 350,000 people in the region died as a result of starvation, violence, and diseases. From 2003 to 2005, more than 2,000 villages were destroyed, while about 500,000 people were killed. The means of livelihood of the people were equally destroyed as the farmers were disconnected from their means of livelihood, a situation that led to malnutrition and hunger. Unfortunately, conflict resolution and management techniques adopted in resolving the conflicts at national level did not take care of the root causes of the conflict which is located at Contradictions. It was recommended, among other things, that the government of Sudan should urgently address the issue of marginalization of non-Arabs in resource distribution in the country.

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